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soon as a result of synthetic biology and computational capabilities. We will compute thegenome and then go make it. Some incredible tools are coming on line. There’s a legitimateconcern that people in this room need to think about: most of this technology is beingdeveloped in the private sector. The private sector has a huge roll to play in innovation,as it did in the IT revolution, but the calculus of where to invest and where to deploy isa business model that has to provide return to the shareholder, as it should. There oughtto be some places where the public good is put first too. And that is where public investmentin universities, nonprofits, foundations and so on comes in; that needs to be thereand be a partner to the private sector. Let them be partners together to make sure thosekinds of technologies are deployed. I hear all this talk about, “Oh, we’re going to createcrops that are drought-resistant and perennial and nitrogen-producing,” yet that wouldbe a terrible business model for Syngenta or Monsanto. They would be out of businessif they were successful. Why would they do that? So, I’m a little skeptical. I think thatthese things should be done, but who is going to really do them?Hardy: The IP from self-nitrogen-fertilizing crops would be substantive.Foley: But should that be in the public domain? People like me would say that that shouldbe given to the world. That’s a lousy business model.Hardy: I think it should be government doing that because it’s high risk. And maybe toohigh risk for a university and probably it’s too high risk for industry.Stone: Think about all the budget issues that are going through Congress right now. Peopleare fighting over pennies. We deal with similar things in our business too. Every decisionwe make essentially should take into consideration return on investment. So, does thatmean that we don’t fund or don’t do high-risk research? No, but we tend to place ourbets in areas where the risk is acceptable. For areas where it’s not, we fund a tremendousamount of research in academia and in small start-up companies and the like. We have todetermine where our best bets are, frankly, and maximize our core competency. I wouldlike to come back to something that both Deb and Jon said that’s relevant. Where do youbegin? I like Deb’s analogy of a bank account. Most growers are really not good recordkeepers from the perspective of understanding what they’ve used or what they’ve appliedversus what they’ve received in terms of whether its yield or return on their investment.Growers need to be able to develop their own bank accounts—call it a sustainabilityaccount, in terms of things like energy per bushel, water use per bushel—so they knowwhere they can improve. Companies are getting into lifecycle assessment, and when theydo the work to understand their carbon footprint or energy footprint, they realize somethingincredible: they save money. Walmart is a great example. They are saving millionsof dollars a year because they turned off the light bulbs in their Coke machines overnight.There are so many examples of that. Farmers need to get to the same point. It’s one of thebiggest challenges we have. In my mind, if there’s a place to start it’s educating growers onthe importance of being able to document what their practices are, what their inputs areDiez-Gonzalez79
and the impacts those things have on their outcomes, not just in bushels but in resourceefficiencies. By doing that, it’s a tremendous starting point. Growers won’t cut down onthe amount of fertilizer they are going to use because it’s an insurance policy. They can’tpredict the weather, so they can’t take a risk of not applying more. So there has to besome way to be able to inform that decision that, right now, is not readily accepted bygrowers. So, document, benchmark, establish a baseline, identify improvements, continueto document and adapt to be able to continue to improve, and focusing on the outcomesthat allow that to happen. And then the technologies come along.80 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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Page 39 and 40: awareness beyond anything that advo
Page 41 and 42: • Some research results indicate
Page 43 and 44: change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
Page 45 and 46: perspectives and priorities differ
Page 47 and 48: 36 Food Security: The Intersection
Page 49 and 50: Water• Withdrawals from the Color
Page 51 and 52: Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
Page 53 and 54: • Foley is working with Google to
Page 55 and 56: drinking water, stormwater, agricul
Page 57 and 58: Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
Page 59 and 60: The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
Page 61 and 62: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 63 and 64: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 65 and 66: to be initiated in the first five y
Page 67 and 68: Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
Page 69 and 70: These under-nutrition woes are not
Page 71 and 72: gies. Agricultural sustainability r
Page 73 and 74: Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
Page 79 and 80: Food and Agriculture Organization (
Page 83 and 84: Richard Isaacson (University of Min
Page 85 and 86: possibility of cross-pollination th
Page 87 and 88: in part to companies like Cargill w
Page 89: Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
Page 95 and 96: Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
Page 97 and 98: June Medford, a professor of biolog
Page 99 and 100: Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
Page 101 and 102: the toxin levels are higher than wo
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
Page 107 and 108: ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
Page 111 and 112: However, significant challenges rem
Page 113 and 114: confirmed cases in seven provinces,
Page 117 and 118: and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
Page 119 and 120: provided software support. We also
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
Page 125 and 126: Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
Page 127 and 128: Medford: For things like explosives
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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National Agricultural Biotechnology
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