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works and we have a public-perception problem precluding acceptance. Also, we need tocontinue to push for other technologies. We have high-pressure technologies for controllingmicroorganisms on products. Instead of focusing on one bug we have technologies,like cooking, that kill many. We need to continue to try to educate and also look foralternatives, including policy approaches to working with the public.Kennedy: The marketing campaign should be relatively easy: eat the same foods theastronauts eat.McCutchen: You’re exactly right. Texas A&M has been preparing the food for NASA fora long time. That is what they eat. We eat it as well.Isaacson: What challenges are there with fresh fruits and vegetables that are differentfrom meat?Kennedy: Well, irradiation has been tested on a number of fresh fruits and vegetableslike strawberries, to extend the shelf-life. Really the only problem with it is on foods thathave a high fat content—you end up with rancidity.Fletcher: It would probably help with post-harvest plant diseases as well.Michael Kahn (Washington State University): Yesterday, the focus was on food availabilityand food security and today it’s been much more on food safety as a component offood security. One of the things that we’ve been seeing is how much investment therehas been in the food-safety area—anti-terrorism and contamination of food—and yetthe number of people who died of E. coli in Germany, for example, was relatively small.The magnitude of the food-availability question is huge and I’m wondering if there areopportunities for investment in food safety to have more impact on, and inform thequestion of, food availability?Fletcher: That they are linked to me is obvious. A previous speaker mentioned One Health,which is focused primarily on human pathogens and animal pathogens. I’m a memberof One Health as are other plant pathologists, and that is an area where those elementscome together. Did I understand your question correctly—are we missing the boat byspending so much on food safety when food security may be the larger issue?Kahn: That’s a component, but at this point my question is: are things being developed?It’s a microeconomic-macroeconomic kind of difference. Food safety is a collection ofanecdotes about particular diseases at the present time in relatively small numbers ofpeople and yet we were informed yesterday that we are looking at another two and a halfbillion people by 2050. That’s a lot of people, and if we don’t meet crop-production targets,many will be starving, which is a public-health problem, not a disease problem directly. Itwill lead to enormous disease problems. But, by investing in rapid scanning for diseases,Isaacson165
food-preservation technologies and so forth, are we investing in these anti-terrorismthings in a way that allows us to make the transition—to blend the technologies—to amacro situation that can lead to significant increases in food production, enhanced fooddistribution and food preservation? This conference to me is in two parts. We talked abouthuge problems yesterday. But the problems discussed today, albeit serious, affect relativelysmall numbers of people. I don’t quite see where the two discussions for long-term foodsecurity are coming together. I think this is something that really needs to be thoughtabout because people aren’t getting excited about the prospect of two and a half billionmore people—and we don’t have food to feed them—in the next 35 to 40 years.Fletcher: The two are definitely connected and we are doing things now about terrorismand food safety that can translate. Where that is possible we should make sure thatthe opportunity isn’t lost. It can happen through One Health, programs that the StateDepartment has and even AAAS, but your larger question is a philosophical one that isdifficult to answer.Kennedy: One way to look at it is—whether or not it is right—food safety hits rich countriesdirectly. Food security does not hit rich countries directly yet. So, until there is someactual pain for rich countries it takes altruism and politicians are not necessarily known foraltruism. And the second thing is that the foodborne illness problem in the United States,you could say, is relatively small. It’s estimated at 3,000 deaths. Internationally, especiallyin the developing world, it is fairly significant: 2 billion cases of foodborne illness a yearwith 1 million deaths. So we still have a problem with food safety and unsafe food maybe worse than no food at all depending on what it’s contaminated with. There are somecases where, in animal health, there’s been a direct link to food security. Investments havebeen made by DARPA6 in Central Asia to build animal diagnostic labs to help preventhighly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks. That has a direct benefit on food securityin Central Asia, but the motivation for DARPA is that those countries have nuclearweapons and if they lose a protein source there is the potential for public unrest leadingto government overthrow, and someone else gets control of the nukes.Tony Shelton (Cornell University): This is a question for Dr. Fletcher. I am interested inthe historical perspective of NIMMFAB7. It seemed to develop because of a particularcoming together of various forces—9/11, maybe the foresight of American PathologicalSociety—but as you talked about it and the need for it, and thinking about getting futurefunding, has the university or the federal government made any longer-term commitmentsto making sure it will continue? And then are there other scientific societies who couldalso learn about the model based on your experience in developing it?Fletcher: I don’t have any funding beyond contracts and grants. The only secure fundingreally is the faculty positions. All of my faculty, except me, are assistant professors and6Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.7National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity.166 Food Security: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Page 125 and 126: Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
Page 127 and 128: Medford: For things like explosives
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
Page 141 and 142: AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
Page 143 and 144: Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
Page 147 and 148: Figure 2. The impact of culling she
Page 149 and 150: ecognized as a new disease among ca
Page 151 and 152: The West Nile virus is another dram
Page 153 and 154: deer in an attempt to limit the tra
Page 155 and 156: disease centers for training, resea
Page 157 and 158: Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
Page 161 and 162: Plant diseases still affect human h
Page 163 and 164: Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
Page 165 and 166: In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
Page 167 and 168: arely have a realistic understandin
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Page 173 and 174: our universities we can increase aw
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Page 185 and 186: PreventionMuch can and should be do
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
Page 189 and 190: Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
Page 191 and 192: Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
Page 193 and 194: Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Page 197 and 198: Figure 18. The surveillance process
Page 199 and 200: Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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Page 205 and 206: low-level contamination is on-going
Page 207 and 208: Sometimes these supply chains fall
Page 209 and 210: Clearly, the food system is globall
Page 211 and 212: Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
Page 213 and 214: damage on those who profit from the
Page 215 and 216: target population. In their lives,
Page 217 and 218: it before it reaches the consumer.
Page 219 and 220: Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
Page 221 and 222: ing replacements for cream, for exa
Page 223 and 224: safety system in reality by guarant
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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