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Recent Animal Disease Outbreaks and theirImpact on Human Populations1Jeff B. Bender, William Hueston and Micheal OsterholmUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesotabende@umn.eduAnimals occupy a special place in human societies. They are utilized for food (e.g., milkand meat), transportation, raw materials (e.g., wool and hides), energy (e.g., manure),recreation, and money (e.g., bartering). Furthermore, animals such as dogs, cats, andhorses in some societies often are viewed as “companions.” Their value in long-termcare facilities and for the emotional well-being of AIDS patients has been documented(Siegel et al., 1999). In addition to these valuable contributions, there is growing concernabout diseases that humans can acquire from animals (e.g., zoonoses). Zoonoses areoverrepresented among human diseases that are defined as emerging (Table 1). Tayloret al. (2001) documented that 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic. And of the175 newly emerging pathogens in humans, 75% are listed as zoonotic (Cleaveland etal., 2001). From 1996 to 2006, eleven of the twelve global emerging diseases originatedfrom animals (Gerberding, 2004).However, it is also important to remember that some diseases affect animals only, oftenwith economic, environmental and/or societal implications. Recent examples includechronic wasting disease in elk and deer, foot-and-mouth disease, toxoplasmosis in seaotters, and salmonella in song birds. In 1994, canine distemper jumped the “species-barrier”and infected African lions of the Serengeti (Roelke-Parker et al., 1996), killing overa third of the population within 6 months.1Adapted from Bender JB et al. (2006) Recent animal disease outbreaks and their impact on human populations.Journal of Agromedicine 11(1) 5–15.133
Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents identified.Agent Identified Common illness in humans Common illness in animalsCryptosporidium parvum 1976 Profuse and watery diarrhea Diarrhea in calvesEbola virus Hemorrhagic fever and death Hemorrhagic fever and death(high case-fatality rate) in primatesHanta virus Fever and hypotension NoneCampylobacter spp. Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever NoneEscherichia coli O15 82 Hemorrhagic enterocolitis NoneBorrelia burgdorferi 1982 Arthritis and skin rash Arthritis in companion animalsEhrlichia chaffeensis 1987 Fever, headache and malaise NoneAnaplasma phagocytophilum 1990 Fever, headache and malaise Fever, lethargy in dogs and horsesBartonella henselae 1992 Lymphadenitis and fever Rare illness in cats, feverSin nombre virus (Hanta virus) 1993 Pulmonary syndrome, fever, myalgias NoneHendra virus 4 Pneumonia/encephalitis Respiratory disease and death inhorsesWest nile virus Fever, encephalitis Fever, muscle tremors, encephalitisNipah virus Encephalitis NoneSARS-coV 003 Pneumonia None134 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Page 95 and 96: Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
Page 97 and 98: June Medford, a professor of biolog
Page 99 and 100: Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
Page 101 and 102: the toxin levels are higher than wo
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
Page 107 and 108: ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
Page 111 and 112: However, significant challenges rem
Page 113 and 114: confirmed cases in seven provinces,
Page 117 and 118: and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
Page 119 and 120: provided software support. We also
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
Page 125 and 126: Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
Page 127 and 128: Medford: For things like explosives
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
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Page 143: Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
Page 147 and 148: Figure 2. The impact of culling she
Page 149 and 150: ecognized as a new disease among ca
Page 151 and 152: The West Nile virus is another dram
Page 153 and 154: deer in an attempt to limit the tra
Page 155 and 156: disease centers for training, resea
Page 157 and 158: Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
Page 161 and 162: Plant diseases still affect human h
Page 163 and 164: Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
Page 165 and 166: In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
Page 167 and 168: arely have a realistic understandin
Page 169 and 170: National Research Council (NRC) (20
Page 173 and 174: our universities we can increase aw
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Page 179 and 180: concern, particular products of con
Page 185 and 186: PreventionMuch can and should be do
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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