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ased on current science and best practices. It is the only water plan of its kind thataddresses water quality and quantity, surface water and groundwater, and human andecosystem use of water in an integrated way.Several cross-cutting themes emerged during the development of the Framework, andthey are reflected throughout the plan. These include:• systems thinking—groundwater and surface water are one system and should bemanaged that way;• science-based decision-making—knowledge of this system should provide theunderpinning of decisions;• decision-making in the face of uncertainty—one must make decisions on aweight-of-evidence approach;• adaptive management—decision-making should be flexible enough to allow newknowledge to improve policy over time;• watershed-based approach—water should not be managed based on politicalboundaries;• outcome-based approach—all actions taken should have clearly articulated outcomes;• accountability—state government, business, local units of government, and citizensneed to be responsible and accountable for their actions;• compliance with existing regulations—local capacity should be supported toensure compliance with existing law and rules;• transboundary stewardship—Minnesota must work with its state and internationalneighbors on boundary waters and share responsibility to effect change,and also provide leadership on protecting the headwaters of the Mississippi River,the Great Lakes system, and the Red River of the North.The Framework provides a long-range plan that frames major water sustainability issuesand provides strategies and recommendations for addressing those issues. It is not a specificspending plan for the Minnesota Clean Water Fund, nor should it be limited by the availabilityof Clean Water Funds; rather, it includes recommendations for investments thatmay come from sources beyond the Clean Water Fund (other state funds, private funds,etc.), as well as recommendations that require little or no investment by the state.The Most Pressing IssuesThe Framework identifies ten major issues that present the challenges and solutions tothose challenges that must be addressed if water sustainability is to be achieved in Minnesota.These issues are not independent at all, but are highly interdependent. Theseissues (labeled A–J) fall within the three areas that define sustainability: environmental,economic, and social (UN, 2005).The Strategies (“what should be done”) to address the Issues are described in Tables1A and 1B, along with declarations in terms of the corresponding Desired MinnesotaFuture:Swackhamer45
Table 1A. Issues, strategies and desired outcomesidentified in the Framework.Desired Minnesota Future Issue StrategyA water supply that isprotected for all future generations,that is of high quality,and that is sustainable for alluses of water.A. The need for asustainable and cleanwater supplyA.1: Determine the state’s waterbalance and improve water appropriationspermitting.A.2: Improve privately supplied drinking-waterquality.A.3: Plan for water re-use.The “Land of Unimpaired Waters,”where we have met allof our water standards for nutrientsand solids, we are notcontributing to eutrophicationproblems beyond our borders,we can safely eat local fish.A society that has embracedgreen manufacturing andchemistry so as to eliminatenew toxic contaminants,and where drinking water,recreation water, and food arefree from harm from microbialcontaminants.A society where all of ourland-use decisions and plansare inextricably linked withsustainable water use andplanning.A society where healthyecosystems are consideredthe foundation on which humanwell-being is based, andthat all damaged ecosystemshave been remedied and allecosystems are protectedwhile maintaining a healthyeconomy. Changes to thehydrological system are minimizedand historic changeshave been addressed to achievewater quality and aquiferrecharge needs.B. Excess nutrientsand other conventionalpollutantsC. Contaminants ofemerging concernD. Land, air, andwater connectionE. Ecological andhydrological integrityB.1: Reduce excess nutrient andconventional pollutant loads bystrengthening policies to meetclean-water standards and requireimplementation of pollutant loadreductions by all sources.B.2: Establish a farmer-led, performance-basedapproach to meetingclean-water standards.B.3: Address “legacy” contaminants.C.1: Enact Green Chemistry Act.C.2: Develop a framework formanaging contaminants of emergingconcern.C.3: Address beach pathogens toimprove recreation.D.1: Require integrated land andwater planning; integrate water sustainabilityin permitting.E.1: Enact Ecosystems Services Act.E.2: Prevent and control aquaticinvasive species.E.3: Improve management of hydrologicsystems.E.4: Preserve and encourage land setasideprograms.46 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
Page 5 and 6: NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
Page 9 and 10: Participants in the Student Voice a
Page 11 and 12: 123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
Page 13 and 14: Food Security: The Intersection of
Page 15 and 16: These interconnected threads demand
Page 17 and 18: In the developed world, it will req
Page 19 and 20: On the other hand, his definition o
Page 21 and 22: Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
Page 23 and 24: 12 Food Security: The Intersection
Page 27 and 28: The participants’ responses did n
Page 29 and 30: they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
Page 31 and 32: • Hydrological mapping, as in Min
Page 33 and 34: • Food security is a multidiscipl
Page 39 and 40: awareness beyond anything that advo
Page 41 and 42: • Some research results indicate
Page 43 and 44: change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
Page 45 and 46: perspectives and priorities differ
Page 49 and 50: Water• Withdrawals from the Color
Page 51 and 52: Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
Page 53 and 54: • Foley is working with Google to
Page 55: drinking water, stormwater, agricul
Page 59 and 60: The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
Page 61 and 62: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 63 and 64: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 65 and 66: to be initiated in the first five y
Page 67 and 68: Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
Page 69 and 70: These under-nutrition woes are not
Page 71 and 72: gies. Agricultural sustainability r
Page 73 and 74: Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
Page 79 and 80: Food and Agriculture Organization (
Page 83 and 84: Richard Isaacson (University of Min
Page 85 and 86: possibility of cross-pollination th
Page 87 and 88: in part to companies like Cargill w
Page 89 and 90: Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
Page 91 and 92: and the impacts those things have o
Page 95 and 96: Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
Page 97 and 98: June Medford, a professor of biolog
Page 99 and 100: Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
Page 101 and 102: the toxin levels are higher than wo
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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104 Food Security: The Intersection
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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