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activation in plants, the bacterial response regulator PhoB translocates to the nucleus andactivates transcription. Also, we previously described a plant visual response system, thede-greening circuit, a threshold sensitive reporter system that produces a visual responsewhich is remotely detectable and quantifiable.Methodology/Principal Findings: We describe assembly and function of a complete syntheticsignal transduction pathway in plants that links input from computationally re-designedPBPs to a visual response. To sense extracellular ligands, we targeted the computationalre-designed PBPs to the apoplast. PBPs bind the ligand and develop affinity for theextracellular domain of a chemotactic protein, Trg. We experimentally developed Trg fusionsproteins, which bind the ligand-PBP complex, and activate intracellular PhoR, theHK cognate of PhoB. We then adapted Trg-PhoR fusions for function in plants showingthat in the presence of an external ligand PhoB translocates to the nucleus and activatestranscription. We linked this input to the de-greening circuit creating a detector plant.Conclusions/Significance: Our system is modular and PBPs can theoretically be designed tobind most small molecules. Hence our system, with improvements, may allow plants toserve as a simple and inexpensive means to monitor human surroundings for substancessuch as pollutants, explosives, or chemical agents.Medford85
June Medford, a professor of biology at Colorado State University,is a leader in the field of plant synthetic biology. Shereceived her BS in botany from the University of Maryland anda PhD in biology from Yale, followed by postdoctoral trainingwith the Plant Molecular Biology group at Monsanto.Dr. Medford’s research focus is on plant synthetic biology, the forward engineeringof plants for specific purposes, both basic and applied. She has developed asynthetic signal-transduction system based on conserved histidine kinase componentsand a field-level synthetic readout system. By linking these syntheticsystems together with computationally re-designed receptors, the Medford labhas produced the first sentinels to allow plants to serve as inexpensive and highlyspecific detectors of substances such as explosives, environmental pollutantsand chemical agents. Detection levels are approximately 10- to 100-fold betterthan the detection abilities of dogs. Work is in progress to add ultra-sensitivityand memory for specific application (e.g. transportation hubs) and expand thedetection platform to biological agents. Furthermore, the synthetic system is abiological input-output system and, hence, is being used to control biofuel andagronomic traits.86 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
Page 45 and 46: perspectives and priorities differ
Page 47 and 48: 36 Food Security: The Intersection
Page 49 and 50: Water• Withdrawals from the Color
Page 51 and 52: Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
Page 53 and 54: • Foley is working with Google to
Page 55 and 56: drinking water, stormwater, agricul
Page 57 and 58: Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
Page 59 and 60: The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
Page 61 and 62: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 63 and 64: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 65 and 66: to be initiated in the first five y
Page 67 and 68: Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
Page 69 and 70: These under-nutrition woes are not
Page 71 and 72: gies. Agricultural sustainability r
Page 73 and 74: Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
Page 79 and 80: Food and Agriculture Organization (
Page 83 and 84: Richard Isaacson (University of Min
Page 85 and 86: possibility of cross-pollination th
Page 87 and 88: in part to companies like Cargill w
Page 89 and 90: Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
Page 91 and 92: and the impacts those things have o
Page 95: Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
Page 99 and 100: Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
Page 101 and 102: the toxin levels are higher than wo
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
Page 107 and 108: ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
Page 111 and 112: However, significant challenges rem
Page 113 and 114: confirmed cases in seven provinces,
Page 117 and 118: and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
Page 119 and 120: provided software support. We also
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
Page 125 and 126: Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
Page 127 and 128: Medford: For things like explosives
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
Page 141 and 142: AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
Page 143 and 144: Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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