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Some aren’t logical sources of food products such as sugar from Zimbabwe, which has adysfunctional food-system infrastructure; that we import any food from there is surprising,and whether it is safe is highly doubtful.Figure 9. 2010 US food-export destinations. (source: USDA-ERS)Figure 10. 2010 US food-import sources. (source: USDA-ERS)Kennedy197
Clearly, the food system is globally interconnected, and, to illustrate further its complexity,the numbers in Figure 11—from the FDA’s bioterrorism registration database—showsuppliers of food to the United States that are either in the United States or at foreignlocations. More foreign processing sites are registered overseas to provide food to theUnited States than are registered in the United States. More foreign packers and repackersare registered to provide food to the United States than are registered in the United States.We are heavily dependent on the global system. Internationally, we have no idea howmany farms supply the United States. On a recent visit to China, I asked representativesof several agencies how many farms are in the country and the estimates ranged from 20million to 200 million. With an error bar so large, it is impossible to estimate the riskprofile, and characterizing and understanding our supply chains is an important aspectboth in food safety and food defense. We refer to this as “supply chain visibility.”Returning to the cheeseburger, Figure 12 shows source countries for some ingredients—vinegar,garlic powder, tomatoes, beef and wheat gluten—some of which, again,don’t make sense. On the other hand, the fact that we import beef from Australia is agood thing as their food-safety system is probably better than ours. The fact that weimport wheat gluten from Kazakhstan may be not such a good thing. Understandingwhere ingredients come from and what risk they pose is a challenge for industry and forthe government.As a developing country progresses from commodity production to value-added production,it becomes a different type of contributor to our supply chain, which may introducenew risks. The United States funds such development because it helps promote localeconomies. For example, the United States has helped develop the pomegranate businessFigure 11. The US food system is increasingly global.198 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
Page 157 and 158: Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Page 161 and 162: Plant diseases still affect human h
Page 163 and 164: Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
Page 165 and 166: In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
Page 167 and 168: arely have a realistic understandin
Page 169 and 170: National Research Council (NRC) (20
Page 173 and 174: our universities we can increase aw
Page 175 and 176: evidence and no microbiologic evide
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Page 179 and 180: concern, particular products of con
Page 185 and 186: PreventionMuch can and should be do
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
Page 189 and 190: Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
Page 191 and 192: Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
Page 193 and 194: Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
Page 195 and 196: Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18. The surveillance process
Page 199 and 200: Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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Page 211 and 212: Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
Page 213 and 214: damage on those who profit from the
Page 215 and 216: target population. In their lives,
Page 217 and 218: it before it reaches the consumer.
Page 219 and 220: Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
Page 221 and 222: ing replacements for cream, for exa
Page 223 and 224: safety system in reality by guarant
Page 225 and 226: Figure 2 shows the types of identif
Page 227 and 228: on better standards for Chinese sta
Page 229 and 230: Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
Page 231 and 232: Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
Page 233 and 234: John Besser: I was a little mystifi
Page 235 and 236: forensic purposes, as used with OJ
Page 239 and 240: my farmer friends thought I was cra
Page 241 and 242: Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
Page 243 and 244: in reality, legislation alone won
Page 245 and 246: The other aspect of this challenge
Page 247 and 248: private industry, enhancing the pro
Page 249 and 250: But it does seem that the United St
Page 251 and 252: Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
Page 255 and 256: We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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National Agricultural Biotechnology
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