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Systems-Based Approaches to Food Protectionand SecurityQ&AModerator: Carol IshimaruUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MinnesotaCarol Ishimaru: The speakers will now join us for the panel discussion and questionsfrom the audience.Michelle Martin (University of Arkansas): Dr. Medford, have you found a chemical orpathogen that gives a false positive?June Medford: Not yet, but we are testing for that rigorously. We are working with colleaguesat Colorado State University to obtain microorganisms for application to plantsfor tests with drought and insects. The computational design in bacteria is specific. Forinstance, it picks up TNT—2,4,6-trinitrotoluene—it does not pick up 2,4- or 2,6-dinitrotoluene.As for pathogen specificity, Lindsay Triplett is just back from the Philippinesand is looking at that. Basically, it’s garbage in garbage out. Our components are signalingfairly well and we are testing them right now. I suspect that the computational designwill be very specific, and what I can do with the pathogen ones with my toggle switchis add a threshold so that I can design around the low level of noise, just as a cell phonedoes that.Sonny Ramaswamy (Oregon State University): Along those same lines, are you going tobe looking for a generalist receptor or a specialist receptor, considering the multiplicityof ligands out there in the environment?115
Medford: For things like explosives or nerve gas I want to be as specific as possible. If weare going to evacuate Mall of America then we want to know that the threat is real. Foragricultural applications, I’m dependent on people in the community in terms of should Ibe more specific for an application or should I be general? I don’t have all the answers.Ramaswamy: If that’s the case, you’d have a whole bunch of receptors on the plant thatrespond to, potentially, tens of thousands of chemicals and pathogens. How do you dothat?Medford: How many receptors can we put on there? We can now put in multiple computationaldesigns as receptors. I’m not sure where we should go in terms of pathogenreceptors—should we do one, two or more? A simple way would be to put out multiplesentinel plants.Robert Buchanan (University of Maryland): A follow up—you have highly specific receptorsand you could run into two situations. One: pathogens have a natural mutation rateand they have all kinds of exclusive mechanisms for beating receptor sites. So, what doyou think the half-life of your receptor will be in effectiveness? Two: using these in fairlyopen locations, I could drive you crazy by setting them off, and after two or three timesyou would lose all faith in the receptor because of the consequences of false positives.How will you handle that?Medford: Again, the computationally designed receptors are quite specific. We are lookingfor very specific ligands. Histidine kinase is involved in inter-bacterial quorum sensingand we are trying to target those that are specific to cells. These are signal molecules thatbacteria typically use to say, “Okay we have a quorum.” One of the challenges we have isto find the specificity. We can redesign receptors for small molecules. As for pathogens,we are working on that right now. The jury is still out. We do not want false positives,absolutely not.Ramaswamy (Oregon State University): Dr. Winterfeldt, application of the game theoryis fascinating, but much of what we have done in the United States has been reactive,almost like a chess game, trying to figure out what the terrorists are doing. Have youalso considered actually getting to the core of the problem—not the bomb and bomberanalogy, but actually going through the reasons why we have this situation today. Doesyour center look at that part of it, as well as what sort of risks and benefits one may getfrom actually addressing the core problem of where those terrorisms come from?Detlof von Winterfeldt: We have looked at the problem, but we have not done a cost-benefitanalysis on fixing it at the root cause. Another center, START1, is a support organizationthat deals with causes of terrorism and motivations of terrorists. At CREATE, we havean exercise to understand the objectives of terrorists, which turns out to be interesting1National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.116 Food Security: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
Page 79 and 80: Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Page 83 and 84: Richard Isaacson (University of Min
Page 85 and 86: possibility of cross-pollination th
Page 87 and 88: in part to companies like Cargill w
Page 89 and 90: Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
Page 91 and 92: and the impacts those things have o
Page 95 and 96: Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
Page 97 and 98: June Medford, a professor of biolog
Page 99 and 100: Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
Page 101 and 102: the toxin levels are higher than wo
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
Page 107 and 108: ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
Page 111 and 112: However, significant challenges rem
Page 113 and 114: confirmed cases in seven provinces,
Page 117 and 118: and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
Page 119 and 120: provided software support. We also
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
Page 125: Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
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Page 143 and 144: Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
Page 147 and 148: Figure 2. The impact of culling she
Page 149 and 150: ecognized as a new disease among ca
Page 151 and 152: The West Nile virus is another dram
Page 153 and 154: deer in an attempt to limit the tra
Page 155 and 156: disease centers for training, resea
Page 157 and 158: Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
Page 161 and 162: Plant diseases still affect human h
Page 163 and 164: Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
Page 165 and 166: In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
Page 167 and 168: arely have a realistic understandin
Page 169 and 170: National Research Council (NRC) (20
Page 173 and 174: our universities we can increase aw
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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