Food Security - National Agricultural Biotechnology Council ...

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With Recent Animal Disease Outbreaks and their Impact on Human Populations, JeffBender (University of Minnesota) reminded the audience that there are very positive andstrong connections between animals and humans, but that there are, as well, reasons forconcern because about 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic (acquired from animals);of 175 newly emerging pathogens in humans, 132 are zoonotic. The increase in newdiseases, aside from the fact that humans are encroaching more and more on wild-animalhabitats, is due to increases in world trade, animal translocation, ecological disruptions,climate change, adaptation of pathogens, and changes in the way we raise animals. Animalhealth and human health are intertwined, and we should be cognizant of the globalconsequences of international trade in animals and animal products and the impacts ofhuman population growth on the environment. Early and rapid detection coupled withprompt intervention are the goals that will allow quick identification of exposed individualsfor early treatment, isolation and containment of emerging diseases.Jacqueline Fletcher (Oklahoma State University) presented a talk on Preparing forEmerging and Unknown Threats in Crops. Plant diseases have significant impact on foodsecurity. Our vulnerability resides principally on the fact that we grow, for the most part,monocultures that could be wiped out in a single season by a new pathogen. Fletcherprovided the example of the potato famine in Ireland in 1880. A relatively new race, TTKS,of the wheat stem-rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici—commonly known as“Ug99” because it emerged in Uganda in 1999—has spread beyond its area of origin.Most currently grown wheat varieties lack resistance to Ug99. Accordingly, the task is toidentify resistant varieties and incorporate that resistance into cultivated genotypes.Plant-disease impacts on food security and social stability can be significant, and inthe last few years plants have been the sources of foodborne diseases by consumptionof contaminated fresh produce. Fletcher described for the audience the National PlantDisease Recovery System (NPDRS) that is the responsibility of the USDA Office of PestManagement Policy.This initiative consists of the preparation of response plans for each of the APHISplant pathogen select agents as well as a number of other threatening plantpathogens. The NPDRS’s purpose is to ensure that the tools, infrastructure,communication networks, and capacity required to mitigate the impacts ofhigh-consequence plant-disease outbreaks are such that a reasonable level of cropproduction is maintained in the United States.A second initiative established the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) afterthe September 11, 2001, attacks. This is a nationwide system of plant diagnostic laboratoriesthat include USDA, land-grant universities, state Departments of Agriculture andprivate laboratories. Furthermore, in 2007, the National Institute for Microbial Forensics& Food and Agricultural Biosecurity (NIMFFAB) was established at Oklahoma StateUniversity. NIMFFAB’s role is “to serve as a link between the plant-pathology communityand law enforcement and security communities, policymakers, and funding agencies,”i.e. a system to assess, characterize and respond to emerging plant diseases and reduceour crops’ vulnerability to harmful intent.Ponce de León
Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotechnologies to Promote Safety,Enable Defense, and Discourage FraudJohn Besser (Centers for Disease Control) began his presentation Emerging Biotechnologiesto Promote Safety by indicating that “each year, one out of six American—48 millionpeople—are thought to become sick with a foodborne illness, and 3,000 die.” By thismeasure, foodborne illnesses are quite common, hence emphasis is being placed onprevention and surveillance. A national network of public-health and food-regulatoryagency laboratories coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)has been developed. All collaborators perform standardized molecular fingerprinting offoodborne-disease-causing microorganisms by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).PFGE images are deposited in a centralized database at the CDC and are used to makecomparisons and identify strains of microorganisms. The consortium and database areknown as PulseNet USA. PulseNet collaborations and databases have been developedin Canada, Latin America and Caribbean countries and are integrated with PulseNetUSA. PulseNet International includes 86 countries with the exception of Europe whereit has been difficult to integrate the systems because some EU countries prefer to operateindependently. Besser presented several examples of foodborne diseases for which the useof PulseNet information facilitated the identification of the origin and also reduced thetime of detection and of recall of the contaminated food. Research in enhancing strainresolution for identification is necessary. At present, the system is limited to only the30% of known foodborne-disease-causing pathogens. Use of metagenomics technologyto assess unknown pathogen seems to have potential.In his talk, Emerging Food Systems Defense Risks and Technology Needs, Shaun Kennedy(University of Minnesota) defined differences between food security, safety, defense andprotection. Security may be defined as supply sufficiency, whereas safety implies systemreliability. Defense, on the other hand, implies system resiliency and protection is definedas the continuum of safety and defense. Kennedy examined emerging intentional threatsand technology needs in two areas:• Food-system drivers—public-health surveillance systems; system complexityand globalization; and developing-world value-added agriculture—that generateconcerns for intentional contamination, and• Intentional-contamination drivers—economically motivated adulteration (EMA);disgruntled employees; criminals and deviants; and terrorists.Essentially, surveillance systems require technologies for earlier detection of contamination.The complexity of food systems (the many components of any product delivered toconsumers and the global origin of each component) make the task of identifying origin ofcontamination difficult and lengthy. It is obvious that new, fast and reliable technologiesfor traceability are needed. When developing countries move from commodity productionto value-added production, although it contributes to the food supply, risks for foodcontamination and vulnerability increase, hence the need to develop better capability forassessment of systems-based risk and vulnerability.10 Food Security: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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Page 5 and 6: NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
Page 9 and 10: Participants in the Student Voice a
Page 11 and 12: 123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
Page 13 and 14: Food Security: The Intersection of
Page 15 and 16: These interconnected threads demand
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Page 19: On the other hand, his definition o
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Page 27 and 28: The participants’ responses did n
Page 29 and 30: they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
Page 31 and 32: • Hydrological mapping, as in Min
Page 33 and 34: • Food security is a multidiscipl
Page 39 and 40: awareness beyond anything that advo
Page 41 and 42: • Some research results indicate
Page 43 and 44: change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
Page 45 and 46: perspectives and priorities differ
Page 49 and 50: Water• Withdrawals from the Color
Page 51 and 52: Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
Page 53 and 54: • Foley is working with Google to
Page 55 and 56: drinking water, stormwater, agricul
Page 57 and 58: Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
Page 59 and 60: The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
Page 61 and 62: If funded, Research Implementation
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Page 65 and 66: to be initiated in the first five y
Page 67 and 68: Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
Page 69 and 70: These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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70 Food Security: The Intersection
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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