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website. Now, if a terrorist announced the same thing—supply-chain contamination atthree points—the potential contamination scenarios would be increased from 48,000 to2.5 million. Furthermore, each ingredient has its own supply chain, therefore achievingtraceability for all ingredients in all products is still not achievable, although it’s somethingthe industry is working toward.Figure 6. Global supply-chain complexity, cheeseburger–1.Figure 7. Global supply-chain complexity, cheeseburger–2.Kennedy195
Sometimes these supply chains fall back upon themselves, which was a complicating factorin the 2009 PCA case. Figure 8, from FDA, is a simplified characterization of the tracebackof the PCA peanut paste, illustrating that some of the paste went from manufacturerto distributor back to manufacturer to distributor back to manufacturer to distributorbefore it finally entered retail trade. These multiple processing steps made it difficult forcompanies to deduce if they actually had the peanut paste in their products. The supplierof peanut paste to an ice-cream manufacturer may have no idea where the paste comesfrom. As an illustration of the complexity of this particular recall, from its announcementuntil the final product was recalled was 16 months; it took that long for the last companyto figure out that it had shipped a product that contained the peanut paste. The needs forimproved traceability to help us improve food safety and food defense are clear.Global EconomyIn Figure 9, countries in color are those to which the United States exported food productsin 2010. We provide foodstuffs to almost every country. Figure 10 shows countries fromwhich the United States imported food. Several of these source countries don’t like usvery much, like Iran, or don’t have strong food-safety systems, like most of central Asia.Figure 8. Peanut-paste supply chain.The circled numbers represent products that were made using at least one ingredientoriginating from PCA’s peanut-processing facility in Blakely, Georgia.(source: FDA)196 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
Page 155 and 156: disease centers for training, resea
Page 157 and 158: Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Page 161 and 162: Plant diseases still affect human h
Page 163 and 164: Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
Page 165 and 166: In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
Page 167 and 168: arely have a realistic understandin
Page 169 and 170: National Research Council (NRC) (20
Page 173 and 174: our universities we can increase aw
Page 175 and 176: evidence and no microbiologic evide
Page 177 and 178: food-preservation technologies and
Page 179 and 180: concern, particular products of con
Page 185 and 186: PreventionMuch can and should be do
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
Page 189 and 190: Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
Page 191 and 192: Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
Page 193 and 194: Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
Page 195 and 196: Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18. The surveillance process
Page 199 and 200: Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
Page 203 and 204: I will discuss emerging intentional
Page 205: low-level contamination is on-going
Page 209 and 210: Clearly, the food system is globall
Page 211 and 212: Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
Page 213 and 214: damage on those who profit from the
Page 215 and 216: target population. In their lives,
Page 217 and 218: it before it reaches the consumer.
Page 219 and 220: Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
Page 221 and 222: ing replacements for cream, for exa
Page 223 and 224: safety system in reality by guarant
Page 225 and 226: Figure 2 shows the types of identif
Page 227 and 228: on better standards for Chinese sta
Page 229 and 230: Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
Page 231 and 232: Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
Page 233 and 234: John Besser: I was a little mystifi
Page 235 and 236: forensic purposes, as used with OJ
Page 239 and 240: my farmer friends thought I was cra
Page 241 and 242: Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
Page 243 and 244: in reality, legislation alone won
Page 245 and 246: The other aspect of this challenge
Page 247 and 248: private industry, enhancing the pro
Page 249 and 250: But it does seem that the United St
Page 251 and 252: Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
Page 255 and 256: We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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National Agricultural Biotechnology
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