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some inorganic compounds. These are data from a number of authentic skim-milk-powdersamples as well as samples that have been spiked with adulterants, melamine, cyanuricacid, urea, or combinations, between 500 ppm and 1%. A spectrometrist may be disappointedthat stronger differences are not seen in these data. However, chemometrics teasesout subtle differences in the spectral fingerprints; Figure 5 shows these data analyzed byprinciple component analysis (PCA), successfully differentiating authentic from adulteratedmaterials down, again, to 500 ppm, much lower than we thought would be possibleusing this approach.Figure 5. Principle component analysis of the data in Figure 4.We are looking at other non-targeted analytical methods (Figure 6), including Ramanspectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, NMR andLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Also semi-targeted approaches are being appraised,including amino acid fingerprinting, intact protein analysis using ultra-performanceliquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. We envision perhaps a hand-heldinstrument to scan incoming ingredients with automatic comparisons with a library ofauthentic data linked with chemometric analysis, providing, say, a green or red light toindicate a normal milk powder or to flag something that looks abnormal for immediateremoval from the supply chain for investigation. The interface could look something likeFigure 7. The protocol for skim-milk powder might provides a measurement of 85%,below a preset threshold and judged as a failure. With enough data, not only for authenticbut adulterated materials, the problem may be rapidly determined and, in this case, anon-authentic protein indicated as being present.The fusion of more than one orthogonal measurement—termed “data fusion”—providesanother opportunity for improved authentication. Biometrics offers a relevant example:combination of fingerprinting with retinal scans and facial recognition provides an infinitelymore powerful tool to authenticate a human than fingerprinting alone. Similarly,to authenticate a food ingredient, bringing several technologies to bear simultaneouslywould create an extremely powerful tool.Moore217
Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project: authentication.Figure 7. A possible interface for real-time authentication.As mentioned, we are re-examining total-protein methods. One of the more promisingapproaches—albeit not a novel idea—is to define total protein on the basis of aminoacid content. We are addressing many challenges, including the use of rapid microwavehydrolysis to decrease the traditional 24-hour hydrolysis to less than 20 minutes inpreparation for identifying individual amino acids218 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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Page 185 and 186: PreventionMuch can and should be do
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
Page 189 and 190: Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
Page 191 and 192: Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
Page 193 and 194: Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
Page 195 and 196: Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18. The surveillance process
Page 199 and 200: Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
Page 203 and 204: I will discuss emerging intentional
Page 205 and 206: low-level contamination is on-going
Page 207 and 208: Sometimes these supply chains fall
Page 209 and 210: Clearly, the food system is globall
Page 211 and 212: Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
Page 213 and 214: damage on those who profit from the
Page 215 and 216: target population. In their lives,
Page 217 and 218: it before it reaches the consumer.
Page 219 and 220: Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
Page 221 and 222: ing replacements for cream, for exa
Page 223 and 224: safety system in reality by guarant
Page 225 and 226: Figure 2 shows the types of identif
Page 227: on better standards for Chinese sta
Page 231 and 232: Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
Page 233 and 234: John Besser: I was a little mystifi
Page 235 and 236: forensic purposes, as used with OJ
Page 239 and 240: my farmer friends thought I was cra
Page 241 and 242: Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
Page 243 and 244: in reality, legislation alone won
Page 245 and 246: The other aspect of this challenge
Page 247 and 248: private industry, enhancing the pro
Page 249 and 250: But it does seem that the United St
Page 251 and 252: Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
Page 255 and 256: We offer the following comments and
Page 261 and 262: Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
Page 263 and 264: Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
Page 265: National Agricultural Biotechnology
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