Food Security - National Agricultural Biotechnology Council ...

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• The minimization of loss of nutrients from animals is important, e.g. similar tothe Enviropig® which digests phosphorus more efficiently.• Nutrigenomics in animals has the potential to improve efficiency of utilization offeed.Sustainability• A broadly accepted definition of “sustainability” is needed. It still means differentthings to different people. In general, it is used effectively from a marketingstandpoint. But it is important that we have a common basis to help make progresson an issue that is fundamentally important.• There is a pressing need to gain better understanding of sustainability of waterusage.• To assess the sustainability of a food-production system requires 10+ years ofexperiments. Yet funding for such long-term research is seldom available. Fundinglongevity is usually no more than a third of this time-span.• Assessing agricultural sustainability must include consideration of soil erosion,soil organic matter, soil moisture content, soil microbiology, soil salinity, and soilmacronutrients and micronutrients. A major research need is the development ofmarkers of sustainability, including carbon sequestration, water use and impactson soil bacteria.• Some importers in the EU and China are asking for sustainability certification,although there is no consensus on metrics. In the United States, sustainabilitycertificationmetrics are being developed at the Universities of Wisconsin andIllinois and at Purdue, with funding from the Soybean Foundation. It is hopedthat the next Farm Bill will provide opportunities to further resolve such metrics.• Importers requiring sustainability certification must be flexible in terms of timeframe,unless they have alternative sources of the commodities they need. It ishoped that, in time, standards will be improved to fulfill buyers’ needs.Water• Is there a water shortage, or is water just not priced right? How well do we understandthe cost of water? Research is needed to help producers make decisions onhow much water is needed to maintain crop yields and to increase them. Whenwe export grain and meat produced from that grain, we are, essentially, alsoexporting the water required to produce that grain, yet the cost of that water isnot figured in.• For water, the priority should be keeping chemicals out rather than developingmeans of detecting them once they are in. Processing procedures are available todecrease toxin levels, but more research is needed in this regard.Anderson, Busta, Eaglesham, Hamernick, Kahn, Kokini, Scoles, Slack, Toedt, and Wiley19
• Hydrological mapping, as in Minnesota, should be done in all states as an importantpriority.• Hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) involves pumping large quantities of brine deepinto shale in the ground (in the NE United States) to release natural gas. Some20%–30% is lost and the water that’s recovered contains a cocktail of chemicals.The cost of the water should be included in the cost of production of the energy.• Climate-change effects on water usage, availability and aquifer depletion needresearch.• More research is needed on means of artificially recharging aquifers.• Water delivery is a fundamental problem in many places; consideration shouldbe given to the economics of building pipelines to connect water-wealthy withwater-depleted areas.• Unequal water usage is having increasingly far-reaching effects and research isneeded so that water draw upstream is not excessive and takes account of downstreamneeds.• Research is needed to develop new cropping systems to maximize ecosystemservices, particularly water usage.• Food waste has been calculated at 1,400 calories per person per day, with concomitantmisuse of water and energy. By appropriate conservation, preservationand handling, 30% of these losses could be eliminated.• Continued research is needed to produce cultivars that use water more efficiently.There remains huge untapped genetic resources within currently grown crops—and plants that may be grown as crops—to produce sources of food that areadapted to higher temperatures, higher rainfall or less rainfall, and can withstandextremes of weather.• Nutrition, health security, food security and water security are intimately interrelated.Regulatory/Policy Aspects• Providing testimony to Congress and/or to regulatory agencies can have greaterimpact than talking to the media. However, both are important.• As stated above, how the general public reacts to measures taken to improve foodsecurity and safety is influenced by whether they perceive direct benefit.• Increasing food production is most pressingly important for Africa yet only ahandful of African countries have biosafety laws. Assistance should be given tothose countries to develop infrastructure and expertise to achieve appropriateregulatory oversight.• On the other hand, we could run into a Goldilocks conundrum of how muchregulation is appropriate. Over-regulation—as judged by some to apply in the20 Food Security: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
Page 2: 2011National Agricultural Biotechno
Page 5 and 6: NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
Page 9 and 10: Participants in the Student Voice a
Page 11 and 12: 123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
Page 13 and 14: Food Security: The Intersection of
Page 15 and 16: These interconnected threads demand
Page 17 and 18: In the developed world, it will req
Page 19 and 20: On the other hand, his definition o
Page 21 and 22: Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
Page 23 and 24: 12 Food Security: The Intersection
Page 27 and 28: The participants’ responses did n
Page 29: they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
Page 33 and 34: • Food security is a multidiscipl
Page 39 and 40: awareness beyond anything that advo
Page 41 and 42: • Some research results indicate
Page 43 and 44: change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
Page 45 and 46: perspectives and priorities differ
Page 49 and 50: Water• Withdrawals from the Color
Page 51 and 52: Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
Page 53 and 54: • Foley is working with Google to
Page 55 and 56: drinking water, stormwater, agricul
Page 57 and 58: Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
Page 59 and 60: The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
Page 61 and 62: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 63 and 64: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 65 and 66: to be initiated in the first five y
Page 67 and 68: Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
Page 69 and 70: These under-nutrition woes are not
Page 71 and 72: gies. Agricultural sustainability r
Page 73 and 74: Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
Page 79 and 80: Food and Agriculture Organization (
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70 Food Security: The Intersection
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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National Agricultural Biotechnology
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