Food Security - National Agricultural Biotechnology Council ...

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1980 to 2008 indicate that global wheat output is lower by 5.5% than it would have beenotherwise, and corn 3.8% lower. These may seem like relatively small amounts, but ascurrent supply and demand are very tight for both crops, these losses of production areprobably responsible for the current price spike.Food production is consuming the world’s resources at an unsustainable rate. It accountsfor 70% of water use and 34% of land use. These investments of resources cannotcontinue at this pace while production is doubled. We are already using more than canbe sustained, even without the additional requirements. Something has to change. Infact, a lot has to change. We need more production to resolve food security, particularlyby poor families who raise food, but this has to be accomplished on a more sustainableenvironmental footing. The political reality is that without food security we won’t makeprogress on sustainability. Resolving hunger is a requirement for environmental health,and sustainability is a requirement for achieving food security for the current populationand for the larger population in the immediate future.Food production is, of course, only one part of the food-security equation, but thechallenges of production and the problems of the environment are very closely linked, asthey are to income growth. Crop and livestock production, natural-resource degradation,food safety, climate change and political instability have mutual effects and none can beresolved in isolation.Most emerging infectious human diseases are of animal origin and most of the microorganismsthat cause foodborne illness come from animals. Changes in populationdensity, changes in livestock production, and changes in land use have direct impacts onfood safety. The inability of societies to ensure access to affordable food by all of its peopleleads to political unrest and social strife, which, in turn, can lead to severe disruption ofagricultural production—as in Kenya in 2008—and to additional land degradation.On top of that, agriculture contributes somewhere between 17 and 30% of greenhousegas(GHG) emissions, depending on what data are included in the calculation. Muchof this comes from land-use change and from livestock. Climate change will reduce therate of growth of agricultural productivity and, depending on the region, it may reduceproductivity to levels below those of today. Climate change also is likely to affect thespread of disease, and to cause additional food-safety problems.Future security threats will come less from foreign armies than from the unintendedconsequences of social, political, economic and environmental changes. Threats mayalso result by doing the wrong thing in one area, propagating risk in another domain orexacerbating the original problem:• After forests are cut to make way for new crop production, new diseases mayemerge from animals that spread within the human population;• Climate change may cause greater variability in rainfall with more-frequent cropfailures and more marginal land brought into production, releasing more GHGs;• Biofuel production, designed to reduce oil imports may take land out of foodcropproduction, contributing to food-commodity price volatility, leading topolitical unrest that increases the price of oil;Gustafson29
• Some research results indicate that feeding the corn-ethanol byproduct, distillersdry grains, to cattle increases the presence of E. coli 0157 in the rumen, withfood-safety implications.Global Food SupplyThe food-supply chain is truly global. Animal diseases cross national boundaries with ease,facilitated by trade, the movement of wildlife and personal travel. The connection betweenanimal health, human health and environmental health is the central feature of emerginginfectious diseases. The only way to prevent and control food-safety issues is to addressthe underlying causes and interactions. Land degradation and lack of development lead tomigration, legal or otherwise, with its own problems and impacts. All of these issues cutacross borders. They are global challenges that transcend social and political boundaries.None can be solved without the application of multiple disciplines.The challenges can appear overwhelming. A 2011 report by the UK government,The Future of Food and Agriculture, states:To address the unprecedented challenges that lie ahead the food system needs tochange more radically in the coming decades than ever before, including duringthe Industrial and Green Revolutions.What happens now will have a huge impact on the future. We are at a turning point;can we transition into greater sustainability and security? The answer of course is “yes,”but it will require doing things differently and recognizing the importance of convergencebetween these principle challenges to food security:• sustainability as a basis for expanding production and reducing risks from climatechange;• managing food-safety risks; and• defending the food supply.Integrated ApproachesThis, then, is the focus of the conference. We recognize that we cannot deal with theproblems in isolation, and that integrated solutions need to be built around systemsthat include both science and society. Progress is, of course, very challenging, especiallypolicy change that cuts across boundaries and involves stakeholders and policymakerswith diverse values, perspectives and priorities. How might we address these challenges,frame the search for solutions and learn from experience? Everyone attending thisconference has good ideas and insight from their own professional experience, and thespeakers will, no doubt, address the challenges. We are not alone in placing emphasis onthe converging themes of sustainabilty, development and security. Before offering somefood for thought on organizing the convergence challenges, here are two examples fromvery different sources.The first is from the European Union and its 2010 report Europe 2020: A EuropeanStrategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth, which recognizes the need forsignificant changes.30 Food Security: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
Page 2: 2011National Agricultural Biotechno
Page 5 and 6: NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
Page 9 and 10: Participants in the Student Voice a
Page 11 and 12: 123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
Page 13 and 14: Food Security: The Intersection of
Page 15 and 16: These interconnected threads demand
Page 17 and 18: In the developed world, it will req
Page 19 and 20: On the other hand, his definition o
Page 21 and 22: Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
Page 23 and 24: 12 Food Security: The Intersection
Page 27 and 28: The participants’ responses did n
Page 29 and 30: they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
Page 31 and 32: • Hydrological mapping, as in Min
Page 33 and 34: • Food security is a multidiscipl
Page 39: awareness beyond anything that advo
Page 43 and 44: change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
Page 45 and 46: perspectives and priorities differ
Page 49 and 50: Water• Withdrawals from the Color
Page 51 and 52: Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
Page 53 and 54: • Foley is working with Google to
Page 55 and 56: drinking water, stormwater, agricul
Page 57 and 58: Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
Page 59 and 60: The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
Page 61 and 62: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 63 and 64: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 65 and 66: to be initiated in the first five y
Page 67 and 68: Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
Page 69 and 70: These under-nutrition woes are not
Page 71 and 72: gies. Agricultural sustainability r
Page 73 and 74: Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
Page 79 and 80: Food and Agriculture Organization (
Page 83 and 84: Richard Isaacson (University of Min
Page 85 and 86: possibility of cross-pollination th
Page 87 and 88: in part to companies like Cargill w
Page 89 and 90: Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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82 Food Security: The Intersection
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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National Agricultural Biotechnology
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