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of influenza in domestic poultry resulted in the culling of 1.5 million birds and theidentification of eighteen human cases with six deaths (Bridges et al., 2002). Similarlyin the Netherlands, 28 million birds were culled with eighty-nine reported human casesand one death (Fouchier et al., 2004). The 2003–2005 H5N1 outbreaks in Asia affectedeleven countries, with 109 reported human cases and fifty-five deaths (CIDRAP, 2005).Like SARS, the economic impact in Southeast Asia was substantial. The South KoreanMinistry of Health and Welfare estimated that the cost of avian influenza to Asian countriesat about $130 billion. Unlike SARS, influenza is a potentially greater problem witha common wildlife reservoir (e.g. aquatic birds). This is complicated by minimal publichealthand medical infrastructure and large numbers of other potential reservoirs, such aspigs and domestic poultry commingling with humans in village settings. Avian influenzademonstrates the immediate need for international cooperation and interdisciplinaryinterventions for disease detection, control, and prevention. It also illustrates the need toengage local farmers in the development of sustainable strategies to identify suspect casesand prevent the commingling of domestic and wild-bird populations.SummaryWe face some critical needs as we combat emerging diseases. We must understand theglobal consequences of moving animals and animal products around the world and assessthe impact of an increasing human population on the environment. This combinationsets the stage for potential mixing of microorganisms around the globe in contact withsusceptible populations. The influenza epidemic of 1918–1919 killed 50 to 100 millionpeople worldwide, but since the 1960s, many of us have had the luxury of forgettingabout the enormous death toll brought by outbreaks of infectious diseases (Osterholm,2005). Even today, however, we cannot disregard the possible catastrophic effects of currentlyemerging diseases.To control emerging diseases requires early detection and intervention. The phenomenalspeed in the diagnosis and identification of the SARS-CoV demonstrates how technologieshave improved our response and mitigation efforts. These rapid diagnostic tests need to beincorporated in the field to shorten detection and response times. This is especially truefor exotic animal diseases that can harm our domestic livestock. These tests could alsobe used to quickly identify exposed individuals for early treatment or isolation. Anotherimportant learning point from both SARS and avian influenza is that agricultural workersmay often be the first to acquire these new or re-emerging diseases. Therefore, it isimperative to have adequate healthcare for workers. With healthcare, timely informationneeds to be collected by public-health personnel to also assess the population health ofagricultural workers.Our public-health and veterinary infrastructure needs to be improved. We must buildthe expertise, resources, and tools necessary for developing the capacity to respond tothreats posed by vector-borne and zoonotic diseases (Smolinski et al., 2003). Our universitiesneed to train more medical entomologists, vector ecologists, mammologists andornithologists who have a thorough understanding of the interactions among human,animal, and ecosystem health. There is a need to develop interdisciplinary infectious-Bender, Hueston and Osterholm143
disease centers for training, research, diagnostic systems and data sharing. Furthermore,public-health authorities should look beyond traditional disciplines and training whenhiring new epidemiologists and microbiologists. These and other recommendations havebeen clearly outlined (Smolinski et al., 2003; NRC, 2005).In the 19th century, Rudolf Virchow stated that animal and human health are inextricablyintertwined. Our common environment is where this weaving of lives takesplace, hence, we must guard the health of our ecosystems. Recent examples includedecreasing wetlands and the subsequent congregation of waterfowl in smaller areas,resulting in outbreaks such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease. Deforestation andthe greater interaction of wildlife with domestic animals and humans are likely factorsfor the emergence of novel viruses such as hendra, lyssavirus, and Nipah (Parashar et al.,2000). Conversely, reforestation and suburbanization are likely contributing factors for theemergence of Lyme disease in the northeastern portion of the United States (LoGiudice etal., 2003). Dramatic weather events have also been linked to disease emergence. This wasdocumented with the outbreaks of Rift Valley fever among ruminants and people in EastAfrica and the Arabian peninsula (CDC 1998, 2000), following periods of above-normalprecipitation and subsequent increases in mosquitoes. We can be sure that diseases willcontinue to emerge, and the complex relationship between animals, plants, and humanswill require the interaction and cooperation of a broader range of scientists and medicalprofessionals. The time to train them is now.ReferencesBelay ED et al. (2004) Chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans.Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 977–984.Bishop R (2004) The economic impacts of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Wisconsin.Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9 181–192.Blendon RJ et al. (2004) The public’s response to severe acute respiratory syndrome inToronto and the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38 925–931.Bridges CB et al. (2002) Risk of influenza A (H5N1) infection among poultry workers,Hong Kong, 1997–1998. Journal of Infectious Diseases 185 1005–1010.Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) (2005) Laboratory-confirmedhuman cases of H5N1 avian influenza, January 2004 to present, 2005, http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/case-count/avflucount.html.Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1981) Rabies in raccoons–Virginia. The Morbidityand Mortality Weekly Report 30 353–355.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1998) Rift Valley fever—East Africa,1997–1998. The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 261–264.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2000). Update: outbreak of RiftValley fever—Saudi Arabia, August–November 2000. The Morbidity and MortalityWeekly Report 49 982–985.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002a) Provisional surveillancesummary of the West Nile virus epidemic–United States, January–November 2002.The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51 1129–1133.144 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
Page 107 and 108: ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
Page 111 and 112: However, significant challenges rem
Page 113 and 114: confirmed cases in seven provinces,
Page 115 and 116: 104 Food Security: The Intersection
Page 117 and 118: and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
Page 119 and 120: provided software support. We also
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
Page 125 and 126: Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
Page 127 and 128: Medford: For things like explosives
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
Page 141 and 142: AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
Page 143 and 144: Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
Page 147 and 148: Figure 2. The impact of culling she
Page 149 and 150: ecognized as a new disease among ca
Page 151 and 152: The West Nile virus is another dram
Page 153: deer in an attempt to limit the tra
Page 157 and 158: Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
Page 161 and 162: Plant diseases still affect human h
Page 163 and 164: Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
Page 165 and 166: In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
Page 167 and 168: arely have a realistic understandin
Page 169 and 170: National Research Council (NRC) (20
Page 173 and 174: our universities we can increase aw
Page 175 and 176: evidence and no microbiologic evide
Page 177 and 178: food-preservation technologies and
Page 179 and 180: concern, particular products of con
Page 185 and 186: PreventionMuch can and should be do
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
Page 189 and 190: Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
Page 191 and 192: Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
Page 193 and 194: Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
Page 195 and 196: Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18. The surveillance process
Page 199 and 200: Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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