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The expert panel has formed collaborations with people who are working on predictivemodels for EMA, including Shaun Kennedy3 and Frank Busta4. Also, it has recommendedR&D projects to develop new and revised compendium standards on what are viewed ashigh-risk ingredients, including skim-milk powder, natural colors and cocoa powder.Problematic Ingredients: USP DatabaseWe have scoured scholarly literature as well as media articles and collected a substantialdatabase on food fraud for the period 1980–2010, which will be published in 2012. Figure3, from the database, shows the fifteen most problematic ingredients vis-à-vis EMA. Oliveoil is no surprise; it garners media attention regularly. Milk was a little surprising for somepeople. Honey also is the subject of many media reports. Some were surprising to me,such as star anise, which we actually picked up on a couple of years ago and are working3Pages 191–207.4Pages 15–23, 221–224.Figure 3. The fifteen most problematic ingredients for EMA.Moore215
on better standards for Chinese star anise. I didn’t expect the inclusion of beeswax, butreports stemming from China indicate that its adulteration is a significant problem.Skim milk is a vulnerable, high-volume ingredient. In 2008, 8 billion pounds wentinto food products that impact infants, children and adults. Its nutritional value is basedon protein content, with attendant problems mentioned above. No test is available toidentify skim-milk powder, and EMA of milk ingredients includes urea in fake milk inIndia, melamine in China and hydrolyzed leather meal in China. The objective of ourproject is to develop and validate new compendial testing standards for skim-milk powderthat will exclude known and unknown EMA materials. Ten organizations are involvedin this collaborative effort comprising more than thirty scientists. We determined earlyon that there is no magic bullet—no one test solves all of our problems. Each companyhas unique risk-management approaches and analytical capabilities, indicating that atoolbox of standards is needed.Rapid ScreeningRapid screening methods are particularly important to industry, where an answer isneeded within 20 seconds on whether something looks normal. Also required are rapidconfirmatory methods; verification of abnormality is crucial, before removal of an ingredientfrom the supply chain. Methods for checking purity—e.g. for protein as mentionedabove—are essential. And, of course, supporting reference materials and spectral librariesare indispensible. Therefore, our skim-milk-powder project has two analytical strategies.One is to create methods that are capable of detecting abnormalities or aberrations inwhat may be thought of as the fingerprint for a food ingredient caused by a significantlevel of a known or unknown adulterant. We have some interesting data already forskim-milk powder. Figure 4 shows data from Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR)spectral analysis, a rapid technique that picks up almost every organic compound andFigure 4. FT-NIR of skim-milk powder, pure and adulterated with 500 ppp to 1%melamine, cyanuric acid, and/or urea.216 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
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Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
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Last November, the Forum announced
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Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Richard Isaacson (University of Min
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possibility of cross-pollination th
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in part to companies like Cargill w
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Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
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and the impacts those things have o
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Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
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June Medford, a professor of biolog
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Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
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the toxin levels are higher than wo
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• Separate common species• Sepa
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We have a similar situation in the
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ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
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Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
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However, significant challenges rem
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confirmed cases in seven provinces,
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and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
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provided software support. We also
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Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
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Medford: For things like explosives
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Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
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Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
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Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
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Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
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• Anticipate and prevent the emer
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AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
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Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
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Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
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Figure 2. The impact of culling she
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ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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Page 185 and 186: PreventionMuch can and should be do
Page 187 and 188: Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
Page 189 and 190: Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
Page 191 and 192: Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
Page 193 and 194: Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
Page 195 and 196: Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18. The surveillance process
Page 199 and 200: Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
Page 203 and 204: I will discuss emerging intentional
Page 205 and 206: low-level contamination is on-going
Page 207 and 208: Sometimes these supply chains fall
Page 209 and 210: Clearly, the food system is globall
Page 211 and 212: Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
Page 213 and 214: damage on those who profit from the
Page 215 and 216: target population. In their lives,
Page 217 and 218: it before it reaches the consumer.
Page 219 and 220: Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
Page 221 and 222: ing replacements for cream, for exa
Page 223 and 224: safety system in reality by guarant
Page 225: Figure 2 shows the types of identif
Page 229 and 230: Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
Page 231 and 232: Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
Page 233 and 234: John Besser: I was a little mystifi
Page 235 and 236: forensic purposes, as used with OJ
Page 239 and 240: my farmer friends thought I was cra
Page 241 and 242: Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
Page 243 and 244: in reality, legislation alone won
Page 245 and 246: The other aspect of this challenge
Page 247 and 248: private industry, enhancing the pro
Page 249 and 250: But it does seem that the United St
Page 251 and 252: Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
Page 255 and 256: We offer the following comments and
Page 261 and 262: Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
Page 263 and 264: Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
Page 265: National Agricultural Biotechnology
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