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General InsightsThe Department of Homeland Security has focused too broadly on too many risks, andI similarly fault our own center of excellence. We look at everything, whereas I think itwould be wise to focus defenses on high-threat, -vulnerability and -consequence scenarios,radiological, nuclear and some chemical and biological. For other scenarios, it is useful toemploy intelligence analysis and police work to intervene early or upstream rather thanto defend. One of the undersecretaries of homeland security once said:You are to find the bomber not the bomb.With food, the objective should be to find risk-management options with large co-benefitsthat pay for themselves. For food defense, you might think in terms of strategies to preventa terrorist tainting something that may be beneficial for other food-safety reasons. Equally,solutions that address regular safety issues by introducing new testing and inspectionprocedures may help prevent terrorism. Systems analysis and risk analysis have helpedin the past, mostly to prevent the government from making stupid decisions, which isa worthy achievement. In one case, for example, we helped to avoid the implementationof laser-based counter-measures to be put on all commercial airplanes to preventsurface-to-air missile attacks, which would have cost $30 billion dollars. We were partlyresponsible for that outcome.The main challenge is how secure is secure enough? Clearly, we will never be completelysafe from terrorism. Nor will we ever have a completely safe food supply. Becausesecurity measures increase dramatically when we get closer to zero risk, the cost goesup tremendously. Perhaps most importantly, increasing security creates other risks andinconveniences, and restricts civil liberties. We should always be aware of the need for awell balanced system, and avoid over-reacting in terms of security, thus compromisingother values important to our society.Winterfeldt113
Detlof von Winterfeldt is the director of the InternationalInstitute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria.He is on leave from the University of Southern California(USC), where he is a professor of industrial and systems engineeringand a professor of public policy and management.Concurrently he is also visiting the London School of Economics and PoliticalScience as a centennial professor in the Operational Research Group of the Schoolof Management.In 2003, Dr. Winterfeldt co-founded the National Center for Risk andEconomic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at USC, the first universitybasedcenter of excellence funded by the US Department of Homeland Security;he served as CREATE’s director until 2008.For the past thirty years, he has been active in teaching, research, universityadministration, and consulting. He has taught courses in statistics, decisionanalysis, risk analysis, systems analysis, research design, and behavioral decisionresearch. His research interests are in the foundation and practice of decision andrisk analysis as applied to the areas of technology development, environmentalrisks, natural hazards and terrorism. He is the co-author of two books, two editedvolumes, and (co)author of over a hundred journal articles and book chapterson these topics.114 Food Security: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Water• Withdrawals from the Color
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Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
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• Foley is working with Google to
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drinking water, stormwater, agricul
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Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
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The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
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If funded, Research Implementation
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If funded, Research Implementation
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to be initiated in the first five y
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Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
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These under-nutrition woes are not
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gies. Agricultural sustainability r
Page 73 and 74: Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
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Page 83 and 84: Richard Isaacson (University of Min
Page 85 and 86: possibility of cross-pollination th
Page 87 and 88: in part to companies like Cargill w
Page 89 and 90: Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
Page 91 and 92: and the impacts those things have o
Page 95 and 96: Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
Page 97 and 98: June Medford, a professor of biolog
Page 99 and 100: Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
Page 101 and 102: the toxin levels are higher than wo
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
Page 107 and 108: ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
Page 111 and 112: However, significant challenges rem
Page 113 and 114: confirmed cases in seven provinces,
Page 117 and 118: and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
Page 119 and 120: provided software support. We also
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
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Page 127 and 128: Medford: For things like explosives
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
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Page 143 and 144: Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
Page 147 and 148: Figure 2. The impact of culling she
Page 149 and 150: ecognized as a new disease among ca
Page 151 and 152: The West Nile virus is another dram
Page 153 and 154: deer in an attempt to limit the tra
Page 155 and 156: disease centers for training, resea
Page 157 and 158: Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
Page 161 and 162: Plant diseases still affect human h
Page 163 and 164: Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
Page 165 and 166: In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
Page 167 and 168: arely have a realistic understandin
Page 169 and 170: National Research Council (NRC) (20
Page 173 and 174: our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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National Agricultural Biotechnology
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