Fish Hatchery Management - fisheries & aquaculture

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HA I CHlll{Y ()PliRAl'l()N..S 107At)\llNISlR:\ll()N F()l{ t's1.. wllH f()()l) FIsH. ll.Bl{t AR\'. l1)7ti. S()LlR('1.: l\ll.\'l.lt l. I\I'PI-IC1'I I()\I{A I I.]S0.1 ir.O pprn2.i pounds/acre0.5 2.0 ppmI :] ppnr0..)'2.() ppmll0 10 pounds/(n..c)13 I ir pounds/acre\1()t)u()FACt',l t()NNonsystemicNonsy ste micI'robabllnons,VstemicSl stemicS) stem icc()NlNlt.tN1 S1'I-imit is onc part per nillion lorcopper complexes, butCuSO*'5H20 and basic coppercarbonate are exempted fromthe limitInterim Iimit rn potubl,'sater is0.0I part per nillionInterim limit in potablt rrater i.0.2 part per millionUpper limits are l2 parts pcr mil'lion in raw fish and 0.01 partper million in potable $'ater.Upper limit in raw fish and shelllishis I part per million.oxygen capacity: less oxygen dissolves in water at higher temperatures' Ithas an indirect effect on oxygen circulation: as temperature rises, water becomesmore difficult to mix. If temperatures rise high enough, and the wateris deep enough, the pond may stratify into an upPer' warmer, windmixedlayer and a lower, cooler, poorly circulated layer. In such cases, littlewater moves across the thermocline separating the two layers. Theupper layer receives, and keeps, most of the new oxygen (chiefly from photosynthesisby phytoplankton); the lower layer receives little new oxygen,and loses it-sometimes completely-to respiration (chiefly by bacteria).Several pond management techniques attempt to ovelcome the effects suchtemperature-induced stratification has on the oxygen suPply.It is easy to see why pond-oxygen problems are more acute in summerthan in autumn, winter, and spring. when the water is cool, it can dissolvemore oxygen, and it is more easily mixed by wind action to the pond bottom.Photosynthesis is less, but so is respiration, and photosynthetic oxygenis kept in the pond.In contrast, water circulation is constrained in summer' In the upperlayers, especially in stratified ponds, photosynthesis may be so intense thatthe water becomes suPersaturated with oxygen so that much of the gas is
108 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMDNTFIGURE 39' An essential instrument in any fish rearing operationis an oxygen meter' Catastrophic fish losses can beavoided if oxygen concentrations are checked periodically andthe optimum carrying caPacity of the hatchery can be determined.severalbrandsofmetersareavailablecommercially.(FwS photo.)lost to the air. The water has a lower capacity for oxygen, and little of it^"y,"'.t,thepondbottom.Planktonicanimalshaveshortlifespans;as*or" .r" produced during warm weather, more also die and sink to thebottom,wherebacteriadecomposethem_utilizingoxygenintheprocess.Respiration levels are high, meaning that more metabolism is occurringand more wastes produced. These also are stimulants to bacterial production.So is any uneaten food that may be provided by the culturist' Bothoxygen production and consumPtion are very rapid' and the balance is
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FishHatcheryManagement
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FishHatcheryManagementRobert G. Pip
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ContentsPreface xaAbbreviations Use
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CONTENTSViiBluegill 76Channel Catfi
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coNTEN't SlxMontana Hatching Box |
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CONI'ENI'SElimination of Fish 284Pr
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CONTL,NTSXIIIAppendix B: Ammonia Io
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FISH HA,I.CH ER.I' MANAL; EM FNTThe
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Abbreviations Usedin the TextBHA bu
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Common and ScientificNames of Fishe
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FishHatch"ryManagement
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FISH HA'fCHERY MANAGE,MENTare geare
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FISH HAfCHERYMANAGEMENTdecreases-th
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t,.ISH HA'I'CI{ERY M ANAGL,M DN-I'0
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IOFISII HAI.CHERY MANAGEMENl.resist
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12 r'rsH HAICHERY MANAGEMENTalone (
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l4FISH HA'lcHERY MANACEMENI'TABLT.
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l6FTSH HATCnltRy NIANAcENlltNtWater
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l8 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 6
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20 FISH IJAl'CIIERY MANAGIJM I]NI'F
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,2,2FISHIIAI.CIIERYMANAC;EMEN'l(whi
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FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMEN'IWASTE SLU
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I ISH HA'ICHIR}'N'lANAC;L,M NNTlies
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'I'R FORAT
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30 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 1
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lJ.1IIISII IIA'I'CI I I]R\' NIANAOF
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3bIISH HA'TCHF],RY MANAG!]MEi\'ITAB
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3llFlsH llA r( Ht.R\ MANAULMLN ITAB
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40 FISHHAIcHIIRYNtANAcL,.N{Er\-Ttem
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42 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFTGURE 1
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTlllr,la::i;
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDRAIN PIPES
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IPEN REARIN
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52 FrsH HATcIIERy MANAcEMENT'Tast.e
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeSLt 7. Ty
Page 79 and 80: 56 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTBovn,
Page 81 and 82: 58 FIsH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand Rox.
Page 83 and 84: 2Hatch"ryOperationsProduction Metho
Page 85 and 86: 62 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdaily, w
Page 87 and 88: 64 FISH HA.I.CHERY MANAGEMENToxygen
Page 89 and 90: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIaf,Loa ozl
Page 91 and 92: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTadding fish
Page 93 and 94: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTtemperature
Page 95 and 96: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT3.53.0>- 2.
Page 97 and 98: 74 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE IO
Page 99 and 100: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Timproved e
Page 101 and 102: 78 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTculture
Page 103 and 104: 80 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 2
Page 105 and 106: 82 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 3
Page 107 and 108: FISH HAI'CHEI{Y MANAGEMENl'several
Page 109 and 110: 86 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE 3
Page 111 and 112: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcuRE 35.
Page 113 and 114: FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTponds' es
Page 115 and 116: 92 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcunn 3
Page 117 and 118: 94 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFERTILIZ
Page 119 and 120: FISH HA'f CHLI{Y MANAGL,MEN'Iand wa
Page 121 and 122: I ISH HA'I'CHLRY NTANAGEME,NTINORGA
Page 123 and 124: 100 FISH HATcHERY MANAcIEMEN fA num
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Page 129: 106 FrsH HAT CHF,Ry NIA\AcE1\'rE\'l
Page 133 and 134: ll0FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT(3) If t
Page 135 and 136: 112 FISH HATCHERY MANAGIJMEN'frecom
Page 137 and 138: t4 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfish. Mo
Page 139 and 140: 1 16 FrsH HA t cHERy MANAGL,MENTPro
Page 141 and 142: ll8FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTand fee
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Page 145 and 146: 22FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTColumn 27
Page 147 and 148: 124 FISH HAlcHERy MANAGEMENTColumn
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Page 159 and 160: I36FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN.ITeBr-n
Page 161 and 162: 138 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTChannel
Page 163 and 164: 140 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTForage
Page 165 and 166: 142 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfeet ou
Page 167 and 168: 44FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENl'When go
Page 169 and 170: 146 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTLIN EB
Page 171 and 172: 148 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I(1) Av
Page 173 and 174: I rl0 I:lSH llA lCHl.lRY NIANi\(;U\
Page 175 and 176: 52F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGF:,MENTpond.
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Page 179 and 180: 156 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENlThe p
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I58 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunn
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160 I'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENIThe eg
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t62 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTl0 hrs.
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164 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTOvenipe
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t66 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTsystems
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168 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTThe a
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t70FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTequilibr
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172 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTripens
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174 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthe fis
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176 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTERMINAL
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178 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTSO M IT
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180 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTHI RD V
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I82FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA sample
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184 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE
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186 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcunr
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188 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTl/4" co
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190 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTAtsLE
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t92FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTTeslr
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t94 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMDNTillFIGU
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196 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
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198 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
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200 F'rsH HA'rcHERy MANAcEMENTsimil
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202 FrsH HAlcHERy MANAGEMENTCl,lnx,
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204 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT-. 1977
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206 FISH HATCHERy MANAGEMENT'SAI-tL
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Nutrition and FeedingNutritionNutri
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2t0FISH HA'I'CIIERY MANAGEME,NTpell
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IISH }IA]'CHERY MANA(;EMEN'TAt this
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214 FISH HATCHERY MANAGT]MENTof pro
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2t6FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfeed tha
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2lu! ISH HAl CHERY MANA(IEMliN lthe
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGE,MENTNo carbo
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FISH HATCHf,RY MANAGEMEN']Body fat
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224 FISH HA t CHITRY MANAGEMIlNTLIP
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTNutrientGro
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228 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGL,MEN'Ivita
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F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fr,. r; "'
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232 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Ibreakd
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234 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMFNTFORMULA
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236 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENT(2) Be
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238 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTphysica
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240 FlsH HAT('HFRY MANAGLMI.N ITesl
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242 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr-E
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244 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest E
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246 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA simpl
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248 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTThe amo
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250 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunt
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252 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTasI-E 2
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254 FtsH HAtcHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE 3
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256 FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE 3
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258 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I'TABLE
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260 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
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262 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTnology
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264 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTa diagn
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266 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I'ABFtc
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT.fABLEIHI]I
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270 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTin the
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpossible ad
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274 FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTGeneral
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276 FISH HATCHERY MANAGE,MENltoxici
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278 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTRecomme
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280 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIf it i
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282 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTexterna
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fF aci lity
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENlcleanliness
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'IImmunila
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290 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTherds o
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FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTdiseases.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDiseases of
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296 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpetechi
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298 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFtcunn 79. L
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FISH HATCHERY MANAC;EMEN'I'COI,UMNA
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthe pectora
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306 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTreservo
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 81. E
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310 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
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31,2 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IKIDN
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314 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'TFungus
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316 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRr
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320 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE
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322 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunn
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN IFtcunE 95.
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FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 97.
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328 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcune
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330 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand l6
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332 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRE
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334 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTARGULUS
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336 FtsH HAiCHERY MANACEMEN]DIAGNOS
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338 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTI 2. B(
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lJ40}ISH HA'I CHERY MANAGENlI]N]23.
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342 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEM EN.Tshoul
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344 FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMENTFDL-46
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346 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTHterlrw
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Transportation of LiveFishesOne ext
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350 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTrucks
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352 FISH HATCHERY NlANAC; EMEN.'f(1
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 110.
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356 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTempera
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358 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdistres
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360 FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE
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362 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTASLE ,13.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fTeslr 44.
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368 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
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370 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTLEI'IRI
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Appendices
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376 FtsH HATcHF,Ry N,rANAcFtMriNTTa
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AppendixAmmonia IonizationTABLE B I
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380 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr B
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382 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenln B
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Appendi* DUse of Weirs to MeasureFl
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLED_I.RE
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388 r'lsH HA'rcHERy MANAGEMENTTasLn
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trAppendix fNutritional Diseases an
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392 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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394 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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396 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,\sLr:
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398 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeslr F
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400 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasLE F
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402 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCalcula
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TAppendix ILength-Weight TablesGuid
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408 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasr-E
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410 FISH HATCHERY MANACEMENTTABLE I
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412 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaglr I
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4t4FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenlr, I
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416 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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424 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenle I
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426 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesLB I
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428 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanr,B
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432 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr I
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434 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesr.E
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436 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesr-E
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438 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTllg f
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442FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLEI-5
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444 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasle I
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446 FISH HATCHLRY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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448 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr,E
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450 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaer-E
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452 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeu-E I
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,qarn I-7.
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458 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasr,E
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasln I-7.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I-8.c
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464 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTnnu, I
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466 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest,n
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GlossaryAbdomenBelly; the ventral s
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GLOSSARY47IAmmonium The ionized for
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GLOSSARY 473BacteriocidalBacteriost
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GLOSSARY 47 5CarnivorousCarrierthe
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GLOSSARY 477Control (Experimental)
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GLOSSARY 479EctodermThe outer layer
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GLOSSARY48IFixativeA chemical agent
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GLOSSARY 483Gill RotGillsSea Branch
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G I,OSSARY4Tt5IHNImmuneImmunitystat
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GLOSSARY 487Length May refer to the
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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492 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTPerivit
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494 trsH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTRandom
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496 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTSerumTh
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498 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTSulfom
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500 r'tsH HA'rcIIIrRy N,TANACEMEN r
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IndexThe Table of Contents for this
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I N I)F,X 505Bluegill \continued)sp
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Crayfish, problem in ponds 114Densi
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INDEX 509Flow Index 67-71Forage fis
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INDEX5I IPike, northernbroodstock a
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INDEX513Salmon, chum (saa a/so Salm
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'lrout (continued)diseases: bacteri
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Walleye \continued)nutrition: disea
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