Fish Hatchery Management - fisheries & aquaculture

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BROODSTOCK. SPAWNING, AND EGG HANDLING 139FIGURE 44. Sexual dimorphism develops in mature broodfish. The male bluegillbecomes much darker than the female and changes body shape (upperpanel). Male salmon also show changes in color and the jaw becomes hooked,forming a kype (lower panel).
140 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTForage <strong>Fish</strong>Forage species cultured as feed for predatory broodfish vary depending onthe species of broodfish being maintained. Several factors must be consideredwhen a forage organism is selected. The forage must not be toolarge for the predator to consume nor too small to provide adequate nourishment,and should be able to reproduce in adequate numbers at the timewhen it is needed. Forage species should have the right shape andbehavior to attract the predator, be easily captured by the broodfish, andrequire little pond space to rear. If the forage can be obtained commerciallyat a reasonable cost, production space and time will be saved at thehatchery.Species of forage fish propagated as food include suckers, fathead minnows,goldfish, golden shiners and Tilapia. Shad, herring, bluegills, andtrout are used to a lesser degree as forage fish. Suckers, fathead minnows,and goldfish usually are used with coolwater broodfish. These species areearly spawners, making them available as forage when needed by thebroodfish. Northern pike, walleye, and muskellunge prefer a long slenderfish with good body weight, such as the sucker.Culture of forage fish varies with the species; some notes about the mostfrequently utilized species follow.WHITE SUCKERWhite suckers occur east of the Great Plains from northern Canada to thesouthern Appalachian and Ozark mountains. They prefer clearwater lakesand streams. In early spring, they run upstream to sPawn in swift waterand gravel bottoms, although they also will spawn to some extent in lakesif there are no outlets and inlets. White suckers have diversified feedinghabits, but prefer planktonic crustaceans and insect larvae.Broodfish usually are taken from streams during the natural spawningrun.These fish are hand-stripped and the eggs are hatched in jars. Afterhatching, the fry are stocked in ponds prepared for the production of zooplankton.Stocking rates vary with the size of the desired forage:40,000-60,000 per acre for l-2-inch fish; 20,000-40,000 for 2-4-inch fish;5.000-20.000 for 4-6-inch fish.Ponds of moderate fertility usually produce the most suckers. Sterileponds do not produce enough food for white suckers and excessively fertileponds often produce too much aquatic vegetation. Ponds with large populationsof chironomid fly larvae (bloodwor-.) i.t the bottom muds willproduce good sucker crops year after year. Loam and sandy-loam soils producethe best chironomid populations; peat and peat-loam ponds are adequatefor this purpose, but silt and clay-loam ponds are poor. Ponds with
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FishHatcheryManagement
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FishHatcheryManagementRobert G. Pip
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ContentsPreface xaAbbreviations Use
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CONTENTSViiBluegill 76Channel Catfi
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coNTEN't SlxMontana Hatching Box |
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CONI'ENI'SElimination of Fish 284Pr
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CONTL,NTSXIIIAppendix B: Ammonia Io
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FISH HA,I.CH ER.I' MANAL; EM FNTThe
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Abbreviations Usedin the TextBHA bu
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Common and ScientificNames of Fishe
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FishHatch"ryManagement
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FISH HA'fCHERY MANAGE,MENTare geare
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FISH HAfCHERYMANAGEMENTdecreases-th
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t,.ISH HA'I'CI{ERY M ANAGL,M DN-I'0
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IOFISII HAI.CHERY MANAGEMENl.resist
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12 r'rsH HAICHERY MANAGEMENTalone (
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l4FISH HA'lcHERY MANACEMENI'TABLT.
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l6FTSH HATCnltRy NIANAcENlltNtWater
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l8 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 6
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20 FISH IJAl'CIIERY MANAGIJM I]NI'F
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,2,2FISHIIAI.CIIERYMANAC;EMEN'l(whi
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FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMEN'IWASTE SLU
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I ISH HA'ICHIR}'N'lANAC;L,M NNTlies
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'I'R FORAT
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30 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 1
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lJ.1IIISII IIA'I'CI I I]R\' NIANAOF
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3bIISH HA'TCHF],RY MANAG!]MEi\'ITAB
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3llFlsH llA r( Ht.R\ MANAULMLN ITAB
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40 FISHHAIcHIIRYNtANAcL,.N{Er\-Ttem
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42 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFTGURE 1
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTlllr,la::i;
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDRAIN PIPES
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IPEN REARIN
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52 FrsH HATcIIERy MANAcEMENT'Tast.e
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeSLt 7. Ty
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56 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTBovn,
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58 FIsH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand Rox.
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2Hatch"ryOperationsProduction Metho
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62 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdaily, w
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64 FISH HA.I.CHERY MANAGEMENToxygen
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIaf,Loa ozl
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTadding fish
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTtemperature
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT3.53.0>- 2.
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74 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE IO
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Timproved e
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78 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTculture
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FISH HAI'CHEI{Y MANAGEMENl'several
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86 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE 3
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190 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTAtsLE
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t92FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTTeslr
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t94 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMDNTillFIGU
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196 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
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198 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
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200 F'rsH HA'rcHERy MANAcEMENTsimil
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202 FrsH HAlcHERy MANAGEMENTCl,lnx,
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204 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT-. 1977
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206 FISH HATCHERy MANAGEMENT'SAI-tL
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Nutrition and FeedingNutritionNutri
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2t0FISH HA'I'CIIERY MANAGEME,NTpell
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IISH }IA]'CHERY MANA(;EMEN'TAt this
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214 FISH HATCHERY MANAGT]MENTof pro
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2t6FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfeed tha
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2lu! ISH HAl CHERY MANA(IEMliN lthe
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGE,MENTNo carbo
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FISH HATCHf,RY MANAGEMEN']Body fat
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224 FISH HA t CHITRY MANAGEMIlNTLIP
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTNutrientGro
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228 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGL,MEN'Ivita
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F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fr,. r; "'
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232 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Ibreakd
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234 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMFNTFORMULA
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236 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENT(2) Be
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238 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTphysica
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240 FlsH HAT('HFRY MANAGLMI.N ITesl
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242 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr-E
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244 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest E
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246 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA simpl
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248 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTThe amo
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250 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunt
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252 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTasI-E 2
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254 FtsH HAtcHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE 3
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256 FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE 3
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258 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I'TABLE
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260 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
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262 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTnology
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264 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTa diagn
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266 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I'ABFtc
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT.fABLEIHI]I
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270 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTin the
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpossible ad
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274 FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTGeneral
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276 FISH HATCHERY MANAGE,MENltoxici
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278 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTRecomme
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280 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIf it i
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282 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTexterna
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fF aci lity
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENlcleanliness
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'IImmunila
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290 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTherds o
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FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTdiseases.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDiseases of
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296 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpetechi
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298 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFtcunn 79. L
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FISH HATCHERY MANAC;EMEN'I'COI,UMNA
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthe pectora
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306 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTreservo
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 81. E
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310 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
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31,2 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IKIDN
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314 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'TFungus
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316 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRr
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320 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE
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322 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunn
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN IFtcunE 95.
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FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 97.
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328 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcune
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330 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand l6
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332 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRE
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334 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTARGULUS
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336 FtsH HAiCHERY MANACEMEN]DIAGNOS
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338 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTI 2. B(
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lJ40}ISH HA'I CHERY MANAGENlI]N]23.
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342 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEM EN.Tshoul
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344 FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMENTFDL-46
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346 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTHterlrw
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Transportation of LiveFishesOne ext
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350 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTrucks
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352 FISH HATCHERY NlANAC; EMEN.'f(1
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 110.
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356 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTempera
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358 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdistres
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360 FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE
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362 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTASLE ,13.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fTeslr 44.
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368 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
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370 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTLEI'IRI
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Appendices
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376 FtsH HATcHF,Ry N,rANAcFtMriNTTa
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AppendixAmmonia IonizationTABLE B I
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380 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr B
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382 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenln B
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Appendi* DUse of Weirs to MeasureFl
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLED_I.RE
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388 r'lsH HA'rcHERy MANAGEMENTTasLn
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trAppendix fNutritional Diseases an
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392 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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394 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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396 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,\sLr:
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398 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeslr F
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400 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasLE F
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402 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCalcula
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TAppendix ILength-Weight TablesGuid
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408 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasr-E
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410 FISH HATCHERY MANACEMENTTABLE I
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412 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaglr I
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4t4FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenlr, I
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416 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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424 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenle I
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426 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesLB I
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428 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanr,B
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432 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr I
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438 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTllg f
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442FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLEI-5
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444 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasle I
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446 FISH HATCHLRY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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448 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr,E
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450 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaer-E
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452 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeu-E I
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,qarn I-7.
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458 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasr,E
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasln I-7.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I-8.c
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464 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTnnu, I
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466 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest,n
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GlossaryAbdomenBelly; the ventral s
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GLOSSARY47IAmmonium The ionized for
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GLOSSARY 473BacteriocidalBacteriost
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GLOSSARY 47 5CarnivorousCarrierthe
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GLOSSARY 477Control (Experimental)
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GLOSSARY 479EctodermThe outer layer
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GLOSSARY48IFixativeA chemical agent
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GLOSSARY 483Gill RotGillsSea Branch
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G I,OSSARY4Tt5IHNImmuneImmunitystat
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GLOSSARY 487Length May refer to the
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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492 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTPerivit
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494 trsH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTRandom
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496 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTSerumTh
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498 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTSulfom
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500 r'tsH HA'rcIIIrRy N,TANACEMEN r
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IndexThe Table of Contents for this
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I N I)F,X 505Bluegill \continued)sp
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Crayfish, problem in ponds 114Densi
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INDEX 509Flow Index 67-71Forage fis
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INDEX5I IPike, northernbroodstock a
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INDEX513Salmon, chum (saa a/so Salm
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'lrout (continued)diseases: bacteri
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Walleye \continued)nutrition: disea
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