Fish Hatchery Management - fisheries & aquaculture

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N U]'RITION AND T'EI]I)INC 223FIGURE 71. Rainbow trout with liver lipoid degeneration (ceroidosis) ofincreasing severity from toplivers of middle and bottomto bottom. Note yellowish-brown coloration offish. (Courtesy Dr. P. Ghittino, Fish DiseaseLaboratory, Tonino, Italy.)FIGURE 72. Folic acid-deficient (top) and control (botto-) coho salmon.Note the extremely pale gill, demonstrating anemia, and exophthalmia infolic acid-deficient fish. (Courtesy Charlie E. Smith, FWS, Bozeman,Montana.)
224 FISH HA t CHITRY MANAGEMIlNTLIPID RN,qUIRN,ME,NTS FOR CATFISHLipid level and content of essential fatty acids have received little considerationin diets for channel catfish, because little is known about the effectsof, and requirements for, these nutrients in catfish. In practice, thedietary requirements have been met reasonably well by lipids in the fishmeal and oil-rich plant proteins normally used in catfish feeds and those innatural food organisms available in ponds.Weight gain and protein deposition increase as the level of fish oil iselevated to 15')6 of the dry feed. At the 20([r level, the gain decreases. Catfishfed corn oil did not gain as well as those fed fish oil in the feed, showingthat fish oil is a better source of dietary lipid.Beef tallow, safflower oil, and fish oil were evaluated at temperaturesfrom 68 to 93'F. Maximum growth was obtained at 86"F by catfish fedeach lipid supplement. Highest gains and lowest food conversion rates wereobtained with fish oil, followed by beef tallow and safflower oil. As withsalmonids, catfish have little or no requirement for linoleic (omega-6) fattyacids in the feed. No requirements for essential fatty acids in catfish feedshave been determined.Commercial catfish feeds contain less than 8(!l dietary lipids. Test feedswith 10% lipid provided the best growth, whereas 16')l in the feed did notimprove growth or enhance protein deposition.Lipids have the most effect on taste and storage quality of fish products.Tests with animal and vegetable fats showed that fish oil has a significantadverse effect on the flavor of fresh and frozen fish. Beef tallow also influencedthe flavor, but did not induce the "fishy" flavor produced by thefish oil. Fish reared on safflower oil or corn oil have a better flavor thanthose fed beef tallow or fish oil. Catfish producers may be able to use animalfats and oils in fingerling feeds to obtain rapid growth and efficientdeposition of protein, then change to a finishing diet made with vegetableoils to improve the flavor as the fish approach market size.Energt RequirementsEnergy is defined as the capacity to do work. The work can be mechanical(muscular activity), chemical (tissue repair and formation), or osmotic(maintenance of biological salt balance). Fish require energy for growth, activity,reproduction, and osmotic balance. Energy requirements of speciesdiffer, as do their growth rates and activities. Other factors that alter theenergy requirements are water temperature, size, age, physiological activity,composition of the diet, light exposure, and environmental stresses.Food energy is usually expressed as kilogram calories (kcal or Cal). It isreleased in two forms, heat energy and free energy, in animal systems. Heatenergy has the biological purpose of maintaining body temperature in
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FishHatcheryManagement
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FishHatcheryManagementRobert G. Pip
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ContentsPreface xaAbbreviations Use
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CONTENTSViiBluegill 76Channel Catfi
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coNTEN't SlxMontana Hatching Box |
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CONI'ENI'SElimination of Fish 284Pr
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CONTL,NTSXIIIAppendix B: Ammonia Io
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FISH HA,I.CH ER.I' MANAL; EM FNTThe
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Abbreviations Usedin the TextBHA bu
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Common and ScientificNames of Fishe
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FishHatch"ryManagement
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FISH HA'fCHERY MANAGE,MENTare geare
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FISH HAfCHERYMANAGEMENTdecreases-th
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t,.ISH HA'I'CI{ERY M ANAGL,M DN-I'0
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IOFISII HAI.CHERY MANAGEMENl.resist
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12 r'rsH HAICHERY MANAGEMENTalone (
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l4FISH HA'lcHERY MANACEMENI'TABLT.
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l6FTSH HATCnltRy NIANAcENlltNtWater
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l8 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 6
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20 FISH IJAl'CIIERY MANAGIJM I]NI'F
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,2,2FISHIIAI.CIIERYMANAC;EMEN'l(whi
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FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMEN'IWASTE SLU
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I ISH HA'ICHIR}'N'lANAC;L,M NNTlies
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'I'R FORAT
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30 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 1
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lJ.1IIISII IIA'I'CI I I]R\' NIANAOF
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3bIISH HA'TCHF],RY MANAG!]MEi\'ITAB
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3llFlsH llA r( Ht.R\ MANAULMLN ITAB
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40 FISHHAIcHIIRYNtANAcL,.N{Er\-Ttem
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42 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFTGURE 1
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTlllr,la::i;
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDRAIN PIPES
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IPEN REARIN
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52 FrsH HATcIIERy MANAcEMENT'Tast.e
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeSLt 7. Ty
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56 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTBovn,
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58 FIsH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand Rox.
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2Hatch"ryOperationsProduction Metho
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62 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdaily, w
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64 FISH HA.I.CHERY MANAGEMENToxygen
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIaf,Loa ozl
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTadding fish
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTtemperature
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT3.53.0>- 2.
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74 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE IO
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Timproved e
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78 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTculture
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FISH HAI'CHEI{Y MANAGEMENl'several
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86 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE 3
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcuRE 35.
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTponds' es
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92 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcunn 3
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94 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFERTILIZ
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FISH HA'f CHLI{Y MANAGL,MEN'Iand wa
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I ISH HA'I'CHLRY NTANAGEME,NTINORGA
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100 FISH HATcHERY MANAcIEMEN fA num
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IO2FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTexperien
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IO4FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthat the
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106 FrsH HAT CHF,Ry NIA\AcE1\'rE\'l
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108 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMDNTFIGURE
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ll0FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT(3) If t
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112 FISH HATCHERY MANAGIJMEN'frecom
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t4 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfish. Mo
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1 16 FrsH HA t cHERy MANAGL,MENTPro
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ll8FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTand fee
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120 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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22FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTColumn 27
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124 FISH HAlcHERy MANAGEMENTColumn
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126 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTColumn
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128 FISH HA.l.cHERy MANAGEMENTIssr.
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I30FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTTRL Ssll
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t32FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA cq uis
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13.1 FISH HA'fC]HLRY NIANAGEMENl.TA
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I36FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN.ITeBr-n
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138 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTChannel
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140 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTForage
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142 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfeet ou
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44FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENl'When go
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146 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTLIN EB
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148 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I(1) Av
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I rl0 I:lSH llA lCHl.lRY NIANi\(;U\
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52F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGF:,MENTpond.
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t54 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
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156 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENlThe p
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I58 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunn
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160 I'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENIThe eg
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t62 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTl0 hrs.
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164 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTOvenipe
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t66 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTsystems
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168 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTThe a
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t70FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTequilibr
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Page 203 and 204: 180 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTHI RD V
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Page 219 and 220: 196 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
Page 221 and 222: 198 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
Page 223 and 224: 200 F'rsH HA'rcHERy MANAcEMENTsimil
Page 225 and 226: 202 FrsH HAlcHERy MANAGEMENTCl,lnx,
Page 227 and 228: 204 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT-. 1977
Page 229 and 230: 206 FISH HATCHERy MANAGEMENT'SAI-tL
Page 231 and 232: Nutrition and FeedingNutritionNutri
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Page 237 and 238: 214 FISH HATCHERY MANAGT]MENTof pro
Page 239 and 240: 2t6FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfeed tha
Page 241 and 242: 2lu! ISH HAl CHERY MANA(IEMliN lthe
Page 243 and 244: FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGE,MENTNo carbo
Page 245: FISH HATCHf,RY MANAGEMEN']Body fat
Page 249 and 250: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTNutrientGro
Page 251 and 252: 228 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGL,MEN'Ivita
Page 253 and 254: F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fr,. r; "'
Page 255 and 256: 232 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Ibreakd
Page 257 and 258: 234 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMFNTFORMULA
Page 259 and 260: 236 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENT(2) Be
Page 261 and 262: 238 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTphysica
Page 263 and 264: 240 FlsH HAT('HFRY MANAGLMI.N ITesl
Page 265 and 266: 242 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr-E
Page 267 and 268: 244 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest E
Page 269 and 270: 246 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA simpl
Page 271 and 272: 248 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTThe amo
Page 273 and 274: 250 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunt
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Page 277 and 278: 254 FtsH HAtcHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE 3
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Page 283 and 284: 260 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
Page 285 and 286: 262 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTnology
Page 287 and 288: 264 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTa diagn
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Page 291 and 292: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT.fABLEIHI]I
Page 293 and 294: 270 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTin the
Page 295 and 296: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpossible ad
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274 FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTGeneral
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276 FISH HATCHERY MANAGE,MENltoxici
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278 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTRecomme
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280 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIf it i
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282 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTexterna
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fF aci lity
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENlcleanliness
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'IImmunila
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290 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTherds o
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FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTdiseases.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDiseases of
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296 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpetechi
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298 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFtcunn 79. L
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FISH HATCHERY MANAC;EMEN'I'COI,UMNA
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthe pectora
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306 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTreservo
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 81. E
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310 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
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31,2 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IKIDN
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314 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'TFungus
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316 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRr
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318 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
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320 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE
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322 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunn
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN IFtcunE 95.
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FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 97.
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328 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcune
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330 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand l6
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332 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRE
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334 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTARGULUS
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336 FtsH HAiCHERY MANACEMEN]DIAGNOS
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338 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTI 2. B(
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lJ40}ISH HA'I CHERY MANAGENlI]N]23.
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342 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEM EN.Tshoul
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344 FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMENTFDL-46
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346 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTHterlrw
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Transportation of LiveFishesOne ext
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350 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTrucks
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352 FISH HATCHERY NlANAC; EMEN.'f(1
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 110.
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356 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTempera
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358 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdistres
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360 FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE
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362 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTASLE ,13.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fTeslr 44.
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368 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
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370 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTLEI'IRI
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Appendices
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376 FtsH HATcHF,Ry N,rANAcFtMriNTTa
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AppendixAmmonia IonizationTABLE B I
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380 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr B
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382 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenln B
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Appendi* DUse of Weirs to MeasureFl
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLED_I.RE
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388 r'lsH HA'rcHERy MANAGEMENTTasLn
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trAppendix fNutritional Diseases an
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392 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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394 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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396 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,\sLr:
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398 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeslr F
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400 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasLE F
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402 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCalcula
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404 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
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TAppendix ILength-Weight TablesGuid
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408 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasr-E
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410 FISH HATCHERY MANACEMENTTABLE I
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412 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaglr I
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4t4FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenlr, I
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424 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenle I
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426 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesLB I
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428 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanr,B
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432 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr I
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434 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesr.E
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436 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesr-E
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438 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTllg f
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442FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLEI-5
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444 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasle I
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446 FISH HATCHLRY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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448 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr,E
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450 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaer-E
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452 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeu-E I
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,qarn I-7.
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458 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasr,E
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasln I-7.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I-8.c
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464 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTnnu, I
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466 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest,n
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GlossaryAbdomenBelly; the ventral s
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GLOSSARY47IAmmonium The ionized for
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GLOSSARY 473BacteriocidalBacteriost
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GLOSSARY 47 5CarnivorousCarrierthe
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GLOSSARY 477Control (Experimental)
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GLOSSARY 479EctodermThe outer layer
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GLOSSARY48IFixativeA chemical agent
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GLOSSARY 483Gill RotGillsSea Branch
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G I,OSSARY4Tt5IHNImmuneImmunitystat
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GLOSSARY 487Length May refer to the
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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492 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTPerivit
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494 trsH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTRandom
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496 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTSerumTh
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498 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTSulfom
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500 r'tsH HA'rcIIIrRy N,TANACEMEN r
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IndexThe Table of Contents for this
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I N I)F,X 505Bluegill \continued)sp
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Crayfish, problem in ponds 114Densi
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INDEX 509Flow Index 67-71Forage fis
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INDEX5I IPike, northernbroodstock a
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INDEX513Salmon, chum (saa a/so Salm
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'lrout (continued)diseases: bacteri
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Walleye \continued)nutrition: disea
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