Fish Hatchery Management - fisheries & aquaculture

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HA'l CHllRY RE(2U IREMIrNl Sthan hypochlorite, and has been used experimentally with some success. Itis unstable and has to be produced on site (from oxygen, with electrical orultraviolet energy). Ozonated water must be reaerated before fish can livein it. Although very effective against microorganisms, ozone is extremelycorrosive and can be a human health hazard-Treatment of Water for ReuseOften it is feasible to reuse water in a hatchery; some operations run thesame water through a series of raceways or ponds as many as ten times.Any of several reasons can make it worthwhile to bear the added cost ofreconditioning the water. The quantity of source water may be low; thecost of pollution control of hatchery effluent may be high. The price of energyto continuously heat large volumes of fresh source water may limitproduction of fish; continuous quality control and sterilization may beexpensive.A hatchery that uses water only once through the facility is called a"single-pass" system. Hatcheries that recycle water for additional passes bypumping and reconditioning it are termed "reuse-reconditioning" systems.In either system, water that passes through two or more rearing units istermed "reused." Most practical water-reconditioning systems recycle90-95'li, of the water, the supplement of make-up water coming from thesource supply. To be practical, the system must operate for long periodswithout problems and carry out several important functions (Flgure 7).As water passes through or within a hatchery, fish remove oxygen, giveoff carbon dioxide, urea, and ammonia, and deposit feces. Uneaten foodaccumulates and water temperatures may change. This decline in waterquality will lower growth and increase mortality of fish if the water rs recycledbut not purified. A water-reconditioning system must restore originaltemperatures and oxygen concentrations, filter out suspended solids, andremove accumulated carbon dioxide and ammonia. [Jrea is not a problemfor fish at the concentrations encountered in hatcheries.Temperatures are controlled, and suspended solids filtered, in ways outlinedabove for incoming water. oxygen is added and excess carbon dioxideremoved by mechanical aeration. The removal of ammonia is moreinvolved, and represents one of the major costs of recycling systems.The advantage of manipulating rearing environments in a recycle systemhas been demonstrated in the rearing of striped bass fry and fingerlings.They have been reared to fingerling size with increased success when thesalinity of the recycled water was raised to 47 parts per thousand duringthe rearing period. channel catfish also have been successfully reared inrecycled-water svstems.
20 FISH IJAl'CIIERY MANAGIJM I]NI'FI LTERHATCH ERYREARINGPON DSRECON DITION EDWATERREMOVE AMMONIAREMOVE CARBON DIOXIDEADD OXYGEN (AERATION)TEMPERATURE CONTROLOH CONTROLWASTE SOLIDS DISPOSALFIGURE 7.Schematic diagram of a fish hatcherywater reuse system. (Modified from Larmoyeuxr972.)AMMONIA TOXICITYWhen ammonia gas dissolves in water, some of it reacts with the water toproduce ammonium ions, the remainder is present as un-ionized ammonia(NFI,'j). Standard analytical methodsrdo not distinguish the two forms, and1Th" bnok, by Claude E. Boyd and rhe American Public Health Association et al.' listed inthe references, give comprehensive procedures for analyzing water quality.
Page 2 and 3: FishHatcheryManagement
Page 4 and 5: FishHatcheryManagementRobert G. Pip
Page 6 and 7: ContentsPreface xaAbbreviations Use
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTSViiBluegill 76Channel Catfi
Page 10 and 11: coNTEN't SlxMontana Hatching Box |
Page 12 and 13: CONI'ENI'SElimination of Fish 284Pr
Page 14: CONTL,NTSXIIIAppendix B: Ammonia Io
Page 17 and 18: FISH HA,I.CH ER.I' MANAL; EM FNTThe
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations Usedin the TextBHA bu
Page 22 and 23: Common and ScientificNames of Fishe
Page 24: FishHatch"ryManagement
Page 27 and 28: FISH HA'fCHERY MANAGE,MENTare geare
Page 29 and 30: FISH HAfCHERYMANAGEMENTdecreases-th
Page 31 and 32: t,.ISH HA'I'CI{ERY M ANAGL,M DN-I'0
Page 33 and 34: IOFISII HAI.CHERY MANAGEMENl.resist
Page 35 and 36: 12 r'rsH HAICHERY MANAGEMENTalone (
Page 37 and 38: l4FISH HA'lcHERY MANACEMENI'TABLT.
Page 39 and 40: l6FTSH HATCnltRy NIANAcENlltNtWater
Page 41: l8 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 6
Page 45 and 46: ,2,2FISHIIAI.CIIERYMANAC;EMEN'l(whi
Page 47 and 48: FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMEN'IWASTE SLU
Page 49 and 50: I ISH HA'ICHIR}'N'lANAC;L,M NNTlies
Page 51 and 52: FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'I'R FORAT
Page 53 and 54: 30 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 1
Page 57 and 58: lJ.1IIISII IIA'I'CI I I]R\' NIANAOF
Page 59 and 60: 3bIISH HA'TCHF],RY MANAG!]MEi\'ITAB
Page 61 and 62: 3llFlsH llA r( Ht.R\ MANAULMLN ITAB
Page 63 and 64: 40 FISHHAIcHIIRYNtANAcL,.N{Er\-Ttem
Page 65 and 66: 42 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFTGURE 1
Page 69 and 70: FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTlllr,la::i;
Page 71 and 72: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDRAIN PIPES
Page 73 and 74: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IPEN REARIN
Page 75 and 76: 52 FrsH HATcIIERy MANAcEMENT'Tast.e
Page 77 and 78: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeSLt 7. Ty
Page 79 and 80: 56 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTBovn,
Page 81 and 82: 58 FIsH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand Rox.
Page 83 and 84: 2Hatch"ryOperationsProduction Metho
Page 85 and 86: 62 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdaily, w
Page 87 and 88: 64 FISH HA.I.CHERY MANAGEMENToxygen
Page 89 and 90: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIaf,Loa ozl
Page 91 and 92: FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTadding fish
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTtemperature
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT3.53.0>- 2.
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74 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE IO
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Timproved e
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78 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTculture
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80 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 2
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82 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 3
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FISH HAI'CHEI{Y MANAGEMENl'several
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86 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE 3
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcuRE 35.
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTponds' es
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92 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcunn 3
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94 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFERTILIZ
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FISH HA'f CHLI{Y MANAGL,MEN'Iand wa
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I ISH HA'I'CHLRY NTANAGEME,NTINORGA
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100 FISH HATcHERY MANAcIEMEN fA num
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IO2FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTexperien
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IO4FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthat the
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106 FrsH HAT CHF,Ry NIA\AcE1\'rE\'l
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108 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMDNTFIGURE
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ll0FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT(3) If t
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112 FISH HATCHERY MANAGIJMEN'frecom
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t4 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfish. Mo
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1 16 FrsH HA t cHERy MANAGL,MENTPro
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ll8FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTand fee
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120 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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22FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTColumn 27
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124 FISH HAlcHERy MANAGEMENTColumn
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126 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTColumn
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128 FISH HA.l.cHERy MANAGEMENTIssr.
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I30FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTTRL Ssll
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t32FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA cq uis
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13.1 FISH HA'fC]HLRY NIANAGEMENl.TA
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I36FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN.ITeBr-n
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138 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTChannel
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140 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTForage
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142 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfeet ou
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44FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENl'When go
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146 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTLIN EB
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148 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I(1) Av
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I rl0 I:lSH llA lCHl.lRY NIANi\(;U\
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52F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGF:,MENTpond.
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t54 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
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156 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENlThe p
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I58 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunn
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160 I'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENIThe eg
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t62 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTl0 hrs.
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164 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTOvenipe
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t66 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTsystems
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168 FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTThe a
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t70FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTequilibr
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172 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTripens
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174 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthe fis
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176 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTERMINAL
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178 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTSO M IT
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180 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTHI RD V
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I82FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA sample
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184 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE
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186 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcunr
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188 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTl/4" co
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190 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTAtsLE
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t92FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMENTTeslr
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t94 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMDNTillFIGU
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196 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
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198 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE
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200 F'rsH HA'rcHERy MANAcEMENTsimil
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202 FrsH HAlcHERy MANAGEMENTCl,lnx,
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204 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT-. 1977
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206 FISH HATCHERy MANAGEMENT'SAI-tL
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Nutrition and FeedingNutritionNutri
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2t0FISH HA'I'CIIERY MANAGEME,NTpell
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IISH }IA]'CHERY MANA(;EMEN'TAt this
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214 FISH HATCHERY MANAGT]MENTof pro
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2t6FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTfeed tha
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2lu! ISH HAl CHERY MANA(IEMliN lthe
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGE,MENTNo carbo
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FISH HATCHf,RY MANAGEMEN']Body fat
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224 FISH HA t CHITRY MANAGEMIlNTLIP
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTNutrientGro
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228 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGL,MEN'Ivita
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F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fr,. r; "'
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232 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'Ibreakd
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234 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMFNTFORMULA
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236 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENT(2) Be
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238 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTphysica
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240 FlsH HAT('HFRY MANAGLMI.N ITesl
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242 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr-E
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244 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest E
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246 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTA simpl
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248 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTThe amo
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250 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunt
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252 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTasI-E 2
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254 FtsH HAtcHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE 3
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256 FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE 3
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258 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I'TABLE
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260 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
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262 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTnology
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264 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTa diagn
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266 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'I'ABFtc
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT.fABLEIHI]I
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270 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTin the
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpossible ad
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274 FISH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTGeneral
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276 FISH HATCHERY MANAGE,MENltoxici
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278 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTRecomme
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280 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTIf it i
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282 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTexterna
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fF aci lity
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENlcleanliness
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FISH HA'I'CHERY MANAGEMEN'IImmunila
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290 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTherds o
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FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTdiseases.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTDiseases of
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296 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTpetechi
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298 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFtcunn 79. L
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FISH HATCHERY MANAC;EMEN'I'COI,UMNA
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTthe pectora
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306 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTreservo
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 81. E
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310 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFtcunn
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31,2 F'ISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'IKIDN
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314 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'TFungus
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316 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRr
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320 FISH HATCHERY MANAGDMENTFIGURE
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322 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcunn
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN IFtcunE 95.
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FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTFIGURE 97.
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328 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFIcune
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330 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTand l6
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332 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTFrcuRE
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334 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTARGULUS
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336 FtsH HAiCHERY MANACEMEN]DIAGNOS
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338 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTI 2. B(
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lJ40}ISH HA'I CHERY MANAGENlI]N]23.
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342 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEM EN.Tshoul
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344 FISH HATCHL,RY MANAGEMENTFDL-46
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346 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTHterlrw
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Transportation of LiveFishesOne ext
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350 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTrucks
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352 FISH HATCHERY NlANAC; EMEN.'f(1
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FISH HATCHERYMANAGEMENTFIcunn 110.
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356 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTempera
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358 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTdistres
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360 FISH HA'TCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE
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362 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCHANNEL
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTASLE ,13.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMEN'fTeslr 44.
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368 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTBibliog
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370 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTLEI'IRI
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Appendices
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376 FtsH HATcHF,Ry N,rANAcFtMriNTTa
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AppendixAmmonia IonizationTABLE B I
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380 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr B
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382 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenln B
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Appendi* DUse of Weirs to MeasureFl
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLED_I.RE
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388 r'lsH HA'rcHERy MANAGEMENTTasLn
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trAppendix fNutritional Diseases an
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392 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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394 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F
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396 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,\sLr:
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398 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeslr F
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400 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasLE F
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402 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTCalcula
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TAppendix ILength-Weight TablesGuid
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408 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasr-E
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410 FISH HATCHERY MANACEMENTTABLE I
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412 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaglr I
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4t4FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenlr, I
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424 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenle I
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426 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesLB I
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428 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanr,B
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432 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTanlr I
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434 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesr.E
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436 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTesr-E
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438 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTllg f
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442FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLEI-5
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444 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasle I
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446 FISH HATCHLRY MANAGEMENTTABLE I
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448 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTenr,E
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450 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTaer-E
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452 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTeu-E I
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTT,qarn I-7.
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458 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTasr,E
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENl'Tasln I-7.
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FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE I-8.c
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464 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTnnu, I
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466 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTest,n
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GlossaryAbdomenBelly; the ventral s
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GLOSSARY47IAmmonium The ionized for
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GLOSSARY 473BacteriocidalBacteriost
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GLOSSARY 47 5CarnivorousCarrierthe
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GLOSSARY 477Control (Experimental)
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GLOSSARY 479EctodermThe outer layer
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GLOSSARY48IFixativeA chemical agent
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GLOSSARY 483Gill RotGillsSea Branch
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G I,OSSARY4Tt5IHNImmuneImmunitystat
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GLOSSARY 487Length May refer to the
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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GLOSSARY 489Mucking (Egg) The addit
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492 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTPerivit
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494 trsH HATcHERY MANAGEMENTRandom
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496 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTSerumTh
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498 FISH HAI'CHERY MANAGEMENTSulfom
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500 r'tsH HA'rcIIIrRy N,TANACEMEN r
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IndexThe Table of Contents for this
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I N I)F,X 505Bluegill \continued)sp
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Crayfish, problem in ponds 114Densi
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INDEX 509Flow Index 67-71Forage fis
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INDEX5I IPike, northernbroodstock a
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INDEX513Salmon, chum (saa a/so Salm
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'lrout (continued)diseases: bacteri
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Walleye \continued)nutrition: disea
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