Fish Hatchery Management - fisheries & aquaculture

NUTRITIONAL DISEASES AND DIETS 393TasLL, F-1.coNTTNUITDN T-'I'R I EN'ISICNS OF DEF'ICIENCY OR EXCESSVitamins (continued)?'olic acid(uitanin I!)Inosi to IM ineralsToxins and chemicalshemorrhagic skin, liver, kidney, intestine, and muscle; retardedgrowth; loss of appetite; increased mortality; eventual anemia.Signs of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: lethargy; fragility of fins, especially caudal; darkcoloration; reduced resistance to disease; poor growth; no aPPetite;infraction of spleen; serous fluid in abdominal cavity; sluggishswimmingi loss of caudal fin; exophthalmia.Signs of excess: none.Signs of deficiency; distended stomach; increased gastric emPtyingtimei skin lesions; fragile fins; loss of caudal fin; poor growth; poorappetite; edema; dark color; anemia; high mortality; white-coloredliver.Signs of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: hyperemia on floor of mouth; protrusions at branchialjunction; thryoid tumor; exophthalmia; renal calculi (kidneystones).Signs of excess: scoliosis; lordosis; blacktaili eroded caudal fin; muscularatrophy; paralysis if there is dissolved lead in the water at'tparts per billion (no toxic effects with lead up to tl,(XX) parts permillion in dry feed) ; growth retardation; pigmentation changeswhen coppcr is greater than I mg/g in dry diet (100 to 200 timesthe daily requircment).Signs of deficiency: none.Signs of excess: Hepatocellular carcinoma after l2 20 months withtannic acid at 7.5 4tt0 mg/100 g in dry feed; loss of appetite;grossly visible sundan-ophilic substance in liver; decreased availabilityof lysine uhen greater than 0.04",' free gossypol (yellow pigmentfrom glands of cottonseed meal) is in feed; trypsin inhibitionresulting frorr low heat-treated soybean meal; liver cell carcinomas;palc yellow or creamy-colored livers; gill epitheliumdisruptionresulting from aflatoxin-contaminated oilseed meals (especially cottonseed)with as little as 0.1 0.5 parts pcr billion aflatoxin Bl, or7.5 mg carbarson/100 g dry feed; feed with greater than l3', moistureencourages mold growth which produces the toxin; gill diseaseresulting from DD'I'at7.ir mg/100 g dry diet; cataract caused byiiO mg/100 mg dry diet of thioacetamide lor l2 months; brokenbacksyndrome; retarded growth produced by toxaphene rn waterat greater than 70 parts per thousand; retarded ammonia detoxication enzymes affected by dieldrin greater than 0.13(i parts per millionin feed; inhibit€d mobilization of liver glycogen and cortisolproduction in fish under stress and endrin greater than 0.2 in leed;stimulated thyroid when greater than 0.tl parts per million DDT or2.0 parts per million l)D!l is in feed, or 2,'t-D in the water; lou'eredegg hatching; abnormal fry anernia; mortality; reduced growth;dark, lethargic fish when greater than 0.2-0.5 parts per million Aroclor125'1 is in feed; yellow-colored flesh when (i",, corn gluten mealis in feed.tJ