Fish Hatchery Management - fisheries & aquaculture

NU RI'TIONAL DISEASES AND DIETS 391TABLE F-1.cuN'nNUL,t,N U'I'R I I.]N'TFat \continued)CarbohydrateV itam insVitanin AVitamin DVitanin EVitanin KThiamine (B)SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY OR EXCI]SSfatty infiltrated liver; pigmented insoluble fat (ceroid) in liver;water edema; amenia; fatty infiltrated kidney and spleen; reducedweight gain with no increase in carcass fat.Signs of deficency: reduced survival of stocked fish; decreased liverglycogen from carbohydrate-free diet; slow growth, as amino acidsare used for energy.Signs of excess: glycogen-infiltrated, pale, swollen liver; fattyinfiltratedkidneys; degenerated pancreatic islets; poor growth;edema; elevated blood glucose; death from overfeeding or fromdigestible carbohydrate greater than 20"r of diet.Signs of deficency: serous fluid in abdominal cavity; edema; exophthalmus;hemorrhage of anterior chamber of the eye, base offins, and kidneys; light-colored body; poor appetite; poor growth;eye cataracts; anemia; drying and hardening of mucous-secretingtissue; clubbed gills; high mortality; bent gill operculum. (VitaminA is destroled by rancid fats.\Signs of excess: enlargement of liver and spleen; retarded growth;skin lesions; epithelial keratinization; abnormal bone formation andfusion of vertebrae; necrosis of caudal fin; elevated levels of bodyfat and cholesteroll lowered hematocrit.Signs of deficency: elevated feed conversion; slightly increasednumber of blood cells; impaired absorption of calcium and phosphorousfrom intestine.Signs of excess: impaired growth; decalcification, especially of ribs;lethargy; dark coloration; elevated blood serum calcium caused bydoses of Dl.|.Signs of deficency: serous fluid in abdominal cavity; ceroid in liver,spleen, and kidney; fragility of red blood cells; poor growth; poorfood conversion; cell degeneration; sterility; excessive mortality;clubbed gills; soreback; general feed rancidity, as vitamin E is astrong antioxidant. VitaminE is involved with selenium and vitaminC for normal reproduction, and may be involved with embryomembrane permeability and hatchability of fish eggs. It is destroyedby rancid fats. Fortification of E can prevent anemia causedby rancidity of the feed.Signs of excess: no growth; toxic liver reaction; death; accumulationof vitamin E in ovary.Signs of deficency: anemia; pale liver, spleen, and gills; hemorrhagicgills, eyes, base of fins, and vascular tissues; death.Signs of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: poor appetite; muscle atrophy; vascular degeneration;convulsions; rolling whirling motioni extreme nervousness andno recovery from excitement; instability and loss of equilibrium;weakness; edema; poor appetite; poor growth;retracted head;sometimes a purple sheen to the body; melanosis in older fish;excessive mortality; anemia; corneal opacities; paralysis of dorsaland oectoral fins.