Fish Hatchery Management - fisheries & aquaculture

392 FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENTTABLE F-1.coNrrNUED.NUTRIEN'fSIGNS OI' DE!'ICIENCY oR EXCESSVitamins \continued)Riboflailn (82)Pyidotine (86)Signs of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: corneal vascularizationi cloudy lens and cataract;hemorrhagic eyes, nose, or operculum; photophobia; incoordination;abnormal pigmentation of iris; striated constructions ofabdominal wall; dark coloration; poor appetite; anemia; completecessation of growth; dermatitis; high mortality.Signs of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: nervous disorders; epileptiform convulsions;hyperirritability; atexia; loss of appetite; edema of peritoneal cavitywith colorless serous fluid; rapid onset of rigor mortis; rapid jerkybreathing; flexing of opercles; iridescent blue-green coloration onback; heavy mortality; retarded growth; indifference to light. (Ahigh tryptophan diet increases requirement for pyridoxine.)Signs of excess: none.Pantothenic acidSigns of deficiency: clubbed gills; necrosis; scarring and cellular atrophyof gills; gill exudate; general "mumpy" appearance; erodedopercles; pinhead; prostration; loss of appetite; lethargy; poorgrowth; high mortality; eroded fins; disruption of blood cell formatlon.BiotinSigns of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: loss of appetite; lesions in colon; dark coloration(blue slime film that sloughs off in patches); muscle atrophy; spasticconvulsions; anemia; skin lesions; reduced stamina; contractedcaudal fin; poor growth; elevated feed conversion; small liver size;abnormally pale liver.Signs of excess: depression of growth; excessive levels can be coun-C ho lineteracted by adding folic acid or niacin.Signs of deficiency: poor food conversion; hemorrhagic kidney andintestine; exophthalmia; extended abdomen; light-colored body;poor growth; fatty infiltrated livers; increased gastric emptyingtime; anemia.Vitamin By2Signs of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: Poor appetite; erratic and low hemoglobin; fraementationof erythrocytes with many immature forms; proteinmetabolism disruption; poor growth; poor food conversron.NiacinSigns of excess: none.Signs of deficiency: loss of appetite; poor food conversion; lesions incolon; jerky or difficult motion; weakness; reduced coordination;mortality from handling stress; edema of stomach and colon; musclespasms while resting; tetanyi sensitivity to sunlight and sunburn;poor growth; swollen but not clubbed gills; flared opercles;anemia; lethargy; skin hemorrhage; high mortality.Signs of excess: none.Ascorbic aeid(ritamin C)Signs of deficiency: scoliosis; lordosis; abnormal opercles; impairedformation of collagen; inpaired wound healing; abnormal cartilage;twisted, spiraled, deformed cartilage of gill filaments; clubbed gills;hyperplasia of jaw and muscle; deformed vertebrae; eye lesions;