Nuclear Energy

Recommendations

Info

the Lambapur-Peddagattu area in Nalgonda district. cdiii UCIL is also planning a small mine and a uranium processing unit at Gogi in Gulbarga area of Karnataka. cdiv Outside of the Singhbhum area, Meghalaya has the largest reserves of uranium in India. The state is estimated to have 9.22 million tonnes of uranium ore deposits, which are supposed to be of high quality. cdv Despite having the necessary clearances to begin mining in the West Khasi Hills district of the state, UCIL has been unable to begin mining in the area, due to powerful peoples opposition. 2. Fuel Fabrication cdvi The yellow cake from UCIL’s milling plants in Jharkhand is sent to DAE's Nuclear Fuel Complex at Hyderabad for refining and conversion into nuclear fuel. The main 400 t/yr plant fabricates PHWR fuel (which is unenriched). A small (25 t/yr) fabrication plant makes fuel for the Tarapur BWRs from imported enriched (2.66% U-235) uranium. Mixed carbide fuel for FBTR was first fabricated by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in 1979. Heavy water for India’s PHWRs is supplied by DAE's Heavy Water Board, and the seven plants are working at capacity due to the current building program. A very small enrichment plant – insufficient even for the Tarapur reactors – is operated by DAE's Rare Materials Plant at Ratnahalli near Mysore. 3. Nuclear Reactors Presently (as in January 2011), India has 17 small and two mid-sized nuclear power reactors in commercial operation. These are mostly PHWRs, except for two units of BWRs in Tarapur. Another 5 reactors are under construction. As we discuss below, following the Indo-US nuclear deal and the permission given by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to India to import nuclear reactors and uranium from other countries, the Government of India is planning to go in for new nuclear power plants in a big way. Power station Table: The 19 nuclear power reactors currently in operation in India cdvii State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kaiga Karnataka PHWR 220 x 3 660 Kakrapar Gujarat PHWR 220 x 2 440 Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu PHWR 220 x 2 440 100
Narora Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 x 2 440 Rawatbhata Rajasthan PHWR Tarapur Maharashtra BWR, PHWR 100 x 1, 200 x 1, 220 x 4 1180 160 x 2, 540 x 2 1400 Total 19 4560 Of these 19, the newest are Rawatbhata 5 & 6, both 220 MW PHWRs, which attained criticality in December 2009 and January 2010 respectively cdviii . Tarapur 3 &4 are also new, both are 540 MW (490 MW net) PHWR nuclear reactors, and they started commercial operation in 2005-06. Kaiga-3 started up in February and went into commercial operation in May 2007. Many of these reactors are facing problems and have been downrated (discussed in Chapter 9). Due to these problems and shortage of uranium fuel, in mid-2008 India's nuclear power plants were running at about half of capacity. Reactors under construction Table: Reactors Under Construction in India cdix Power station State Type Units Expected date of commercia l operation Total capacity (MW) Kaiga 4 Karnataka PHWR 220 x 1 2010 220 Rawatbhata 7&8 Rajasthan PHWR 700 x 2 2016 1400 Kakrapar 3&4 Gujarat PHWR 700 x 2 2015 1400 Kudankulam Tamil Nadu VVER- 1000 1000 x 2 2011-12 2000 Total 5 5020 Apart from these, a 500 MW prototype fast breeder reactor (FBR) is under construction at Kalpakkam by BHAVINI, a government enterprise set up to focus on FBRs. It was expected to start 101
Page 1 and 2:
NUCLEAR ENERGY Technology From Hell
Page 3 and 4:
Introduction Part I: Government Pla
Page 5 and 6:
yet to find solution to the problem
Page 7 and 8:
Mithivirdi: A powerful movement of
Page 9 and 10:
eing proposed to be set up in the c
Page 11 and 12:
nuclear power plant accident, in ou
Page 13 and 14:
was subsequently endorsed by the he
Page 15 and 16:
Atoms are so small that they can’
Page 17 and 18:
called enriched uranium. [Note that
Page 19 and 20:
of a nuclear power reactor. A typic
Page 21 and 22:
Coolant: A liquid or gas circulatin
Page 23 and 24:
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor Hea
Page 25 and 26:
Is Nuclear Energy Safe? Chapter 3 A
Page 27 and 28:
iii. Gamma radiation: This is akin
Page 29 and 30:
haematopoietic system). Radiation c
Page 31 and 32:
Part III: Radiation Emission in Nuc
Page 33 and 34:
The radioactivity from the tailing
Page 35 and 36:
power plant contains an amount of l
Page 37 and 38:
Tritium is a particularly scary mat
Page 39 and 40:
Plutonium cxi Named after Pluto, th
Page 41 and 42:
Firstly, reprocessing does not redu
Page 43 and 44:
sports and fishing were also banned
Page 45 and 46:
detail the impact of these 'once th
Page 47 and 48:
We today know for a fact that the n
Page 49 and 50: Till 2005, there were at least 10,0
Page 51 and 52: The report mentions 16 “events”
Page 53 and 54: In an article published in The Nati
Page 55 and 56: Even asssuming that there will not
Page 57 and 58: fossil fuels. It has now come up wi
Page 59 and 60: Opinion of Credit Ratings Agencies
Page 61 and 62: it acknowledged that the expected c
Page 63 and 64: plant owners to use much more of th
Page 65 and 66: was the Vice-President of the USA):
Page 67 and 68: 6. Blithely Ignoring Health Costs S
Page 69 and 70: Is Nuclear Power Green? Chapter 5 S
Page 71 and 72: Energy Balance attempts to make an
Page 73 and 74: nuclear energy as compared to elect
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Estimates of Total and Nuc
Page 77 and 78: � At the end of 2009, there were
Page 79 and 80: Therefore, despite all the optimism
Page 81 and 82: 1. Reviewing the Nuclear Renaissanc
Page 83 and 84: certification also runs out in 2012
Page 85 and 86: nuclear phase-out plans which are n
Page 87 and 88: lower house (Bundestag) to pass a b
Page 89 and 90: UK and French nuclear safety author
Page 91 and 92: The second and more important reaso
Page 93 and 94: eactor or two, but considering that
Page 95 and 96: Pre-Independence Period India’s N
Page 97 and 98: Secretary to the DAE. The 1958 Reso
Page 99: The reality has been quite differen
Page 103 and 104: Background Part III: US-India Agree
Page 105 and 106: 2. New Reactors Even before the Ind
Page 107 and 108: clearance, indicative of the fact t
Page 109 and 110: producing electricity from these re
Page 111 and 112: matters of negotiations”. cdxliii
Page 113 and 114: arm of Indian big industry, had ext
Page 115 and 116: India’s Nuclear Installations: Sa
Page 117 and 118: extremely sensitive material used i
Page 119 and 120: area due to uranium mining. cdlxxxi
Page 121 and 122: women complained of fatigue, weakne
Page 123 and 124: India: World’s most unsafe, most
Page 125 and 126: the AEC has not instituted an award
Page 127 and 128: The biggest deficiency in the Rajas
Page 129 and 130: The bed of the Thane creek, which i
Page 131 and 132: Fires have also occurred repeatedly
Page 133 and 134: workers are exposed to radiation, a
Page 135 and 136: can't catch anything else, and ther
Page 137 and 138: up in 1971 at Kalpakkam to lead the
Page 139 and 140: Tulsunde (population 800), Janshipa
Page 141 and 142: are going to be correspondingly hig
Page 143 and 144: governing the computers and systems
Page 145 and 146: guidelines.” It’s unbelievable
Page 147 and 148: The Sustainable Alternative to Nucl
Page 149 and 150: especially bad in the rural areas,
Page 151 and 152:
of the human body. In particular, t
Page 153 and 154:
While the costs of large dams are h
Page 155 and 156:
Demand Side Management Potential to
Page 157 and 158:
such absolutely non-essential uses?
Page 159 and 160:
The US has the highest installed wi
Page 161 and 162:
Solar water heaters are a very simp
Page 163 and 164:
Renewable Energies: Poised for a Le
Page 165 and 166:
(iii) Small Hydro Power The governm
Page 167 and 168:
Indian villages are spread over wid
Page 169 and 170:
Energy about the huge potential of
Page 171 and 172:
anticipating a change in NSG rules,
Page 173 and 174:
� Privatise the public sector, in
Page 175 and 176:
countries - recycling rubbish in th
Page 177 and 178:
inflows of foreign capital (also kn
Page 179 and 180:
analyse. We must develop our politi
Page 181 and 182:
xxvii I. Semendeferi, “Legitimati
Page 183 and 184:
lxxxvii Ali al-Fadhily and Dahr Jam
Page 185 and 186:
cliii The IAEA maintains an interna
Page 187 and 188:
cciv Mycle Schneider, et al., “Th
Page 189 and 190:
cclxxi “Nuclear power: a dangerou
Page 191 and 192:
cccxxxv “The postponement of the
Page 193 and 194:
cdi “Uranium imports boost Indian
Page 195 and 196:
cdlxix Dhirendra Sharma, India’s
Page 197 and 198:
dxxxviii “Nuclear power in India
Page 199 and 200:
dxciii M. V. Ramana, ibid. dxciv Mu
Page 201 and 202:
dclix Union of Concerned Scientists
show all

Nuclear Energy

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?