Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy
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lix Z is the atomic number, that is, the number of protons in the nucleus (defined in Chapter 2).<br />
lx A is the mass number, that is, the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (defined in Chapter 2).<br />
lxi For long, Bismuth (Z=83) was regarded as stable, till in 2003 it was demonstrated that it was radioactive with<br />
a half life of 19 x 1018 years, that is, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the<br />
universe. Due to its extraordinarily long half-life, for nearly all applications Bismuth can be treated as if it is<br />
stable and non-radioactive.<br />
lxii Information for this section is taken from Helen Caldicott, <strong>Nuclear</strong> Power is not the answer to Global<br />
Warming or anything else, Melbourne University Press, 2006, Chapter 3, and also from a wide variety of<br />
sources easily available on the Internet; also see S. Shawky, “Depleted uranium: an overview of its properties<br />
and health effects”, March 2002, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal,<br />
http://www.emro.who.int/Publications<br />
lxiii For more such quotes, see: “Radiation – No safe dose”, The Alliance for Clean Environment,<br />
http://www.acereport.org<br />
lxiv Interview of Dr. Hofman, published in a publication of the University of California: “The Health Effects of<br />
Radiation: There is no safe threshold", John Gofman interview, Synapse, June 1994, http://www.mindfully.org<br />
lxv Dr. Karl Morgan's article in the September 1978 issue of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, cited in:<br />
“Radiation – No safe dose”, The Alliance for Clean Environment, http://www.acereport.org<br />
lxvi “Radiation – No safe dose”, The Alliance for Clean Environment, http://www.acereport.org<br />
lxvii From a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA in May 1998: E.<br />
G. Wright, et.al., “Chromosomal instability in the descendants of unirradiated surviving cells after a-particle<br />
irradiation”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, May 1998, http://www.pnas.org<br />
lxviii “US Radiation Panel Recognizes No Safe Radiation Dose”, Washington, DC July, 2005,<br />
http://www.nirs.org/radiation<br />
lxix<br />
Helen Caldicott, <strong>Nuclear</strong> Power is not the answer to Global Warming or anything else, op. cit., pp. 44-45.<br />
lxx<br />
R Deolalikar, “Safety in nuclear power plants in India”, 2008, http://www.ijoem.com<br />
lxxi<br />
Peter Eyre, “Part 2: Uranium Weapons - Does anyone care about our planet?”<br />
http://www.paltelegraph.com/opinions<br />
lxxii<br />
Even Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam gives this argument: “Address at the Launch of Paryavaran Mitra Programme of<br />
Centre for Environment Education”, Pune, Dec 26 2010, http://www.abdulkalam.com<br />
lxxiii<br />
Helen Caldicott, <strong>Nuclear</strong> Power is not the answer to Global Warming or anything else, op.cit., p. 44.<br />
lxxiv Helen Caldicott, ibid., p. 46.<br />
lxxv Helen Caldicott, ibid., pp. 48-51; Chip Ward, “Big Bad Boom: Radioactive Déjà Vu in the American West”,<br />
June 19, 2008, TomDispatch.com; Peter Diehl, “Uranium Mining and Milling Wastes: An Introduction”,<br />
http://www.wise-uranium.org/uwai.html<br />
lxxvi Helen Caldicott, ibid., p. 48.<br />
lxxvii Helen Caldicott, ibid., pp. 48-51; Chip Ward, “Big Bad Boom: Radioactive Déjà Vu in the American<br />
West”, June 19, 2008, TomDispatch.com; Peter Diehl, “Uranium Mining and Milling Wastes: An<br />
Introduction”, http://www.wise-uranium.org/uwai.html<br />
lxxviii Material for this section, unless otherwise mentioned, taken from Peter Diehl, ibid.; Helen Caldicott,<br />
ibid., p. 50.<br />
lxxix “Navajos: recalling disaster, forging a green future”, July 27, 2009, MAC: Mines and Communities,<br />
http://www.minesandcommunities.org<br />
lxxx Peter Diehl, “Uranium Mining in Europe: The Impacts on Man and Environment”, Chapter 3,<br />
http://www10.antenna.nl/wise<br />
lxxxi “Uranium Waste Pile Makes Colorado River Most Endangered”, Washington, DC, April 14, 2004,<br />
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2004; “Decommissioning of Moab, Utah, Uranium Mill Tailings”,<br />
http://www.wise-uranium.org/udmoa.html<br />
lxxxii Helen Caldicott, <strong>Nuclear</strong> Power is not the answer to Global Warming or anything else, op. cit., pp. 51-<br />
53.<br />
lxxxiii “<strong>Nuclear</strong> Regulatory Commission Ignores Depleted Uranium Risks, Votes to Ignore Sound Science, Its<br />
Own Prior Analysis, and Radiological Safety”, Press Release, IEER, March 18, 2009, http://www.ieer.org;<br />
also Helen Caldicott, ibid., p. 51.<br />
lxxxiv “Cogéma's Depleted Uranium Storage Project (France)”, http://www.wise-uranium.org/ediss.html<br />
lxxxv Thomas D. Williams “The Depleted Uranium Threat”, Aug 13, 2008, www.truthout.org; Peter Eyre,<br />
“Israeli Use of Depleted Uranium on Gaza Residents”, Aug 15, 2009, http://ccun.org<br />
lxxxvi Arun Shrivastava, “Depleted Uranium is "blowing in the wind"”, Global Research, March 2, 2006,<br />
http://www.globalresearch.ca<br />
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