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dlxv J. Y. Suchitra and M. V. Ramana, “The Costs of Power: Plutonium and the Economics of India’s Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor,” submitted for publication, cited in: Frank von Hippel, Editor, “ The Uncertain Future of Nuclear Energy”, op. cit., p. 32. dlxvi Most of our reactors are 220 MW, and the latest and biggest ones are 540 MW, which are therefore oneeighth to one-third the size of the 1650 MW EPR proposed to be built in Jaitapur. dlxvii Cited in: Linda Gunter, “The French Nuclear Industry Is Bad Enough in France; Let's Not Expand It to the U.S.”, Mar 23, 2009, http://www.alternet.org dlxviii Vineeta Pandey, “Deal done, Jaitapur nuke power plant gets a leg up”, Dec 7, 2010, http://www.dnaindia.com dlxix Praful Bidwai and M. V. Ramana, “Home, Next to N-Reactor”, Tehelka, June 23, 2007 and Japan Focus, June 18, 2007, http://www.tehelka.com dlxx Ibid. dlxxi These facts are based on discussions with local people from these villages. dlxxii Praful Bidwai and M. V. Ramana, “Home, Next to N-Reactor”, op. cit. dlxxiii N. Myers, R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G .A. B. Da Fonseca, and J. Kent, “Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities.” Nature 403:853–858, Feb 24, 2000, cited in “Western Ghats”, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org, accessed on Jan 30, 2010; Anil Singh, “Ecology expert Prof Madhav Gadgil visits Western Ghats”, Oct 11, 2010, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com dlxxiv Nikhil Ghanekar, “The nuclear park at Jaitapur will be huge. So will the human cost”, Tehelka, Sept 18, 2010, http://www.tehelka.com dlxxv Dhaval Kulkarni, “Jaitapur project safe, say nuclear experts”, Jan 8, 2011, http://www.indianexpress.com; Vinaya Deshpande, “It's paradoxical that environmentalists are against nuclear energy: Jairam Ramesh”, Nov 29, 2010, http://www.hindu.com dlxxvi Praful Bidwai and M. V. Ramana, “Home, Next to N-Reactor”, op. cit. dlxxvii T. N. Raghunatha, “Pawar, Chavan’s nod to increasing fish export irks Maha fishermen”, Jan 11, 2011, http://www.dailypioneer.com dlxxviii Praful Bidwai and M. V. Ramana, “Home, Next to N-Reactor”, op. cit. dlxxix These and more details about safety problems with VVER-1000 reactors are given in a letter written by Friends of Earth, Sydney, Australia to the Indian Prime Minister questioning the decision of the Indian government to build two VVER-1000 reactors in Kudankulam. Letter available at: “Nuking the public interest?” April 1999, http://www.indiatogether.org. dlxxx Praful Bidwai and M. V. Ramana, “Indian Mega Nuclear Plant Protested: Government short-circuits environmental hearings”, Japan Focus, June 14, 2007, http://www.japanfocus.org/-MV-Ramana/2449; Praful Bidwai and MV Ramana, “Home, Next to N-Reactor”, op. cit. dlxxxi Cited in: Buddhi Kota Subbarao, “India's Nuclear Prowess: False Claims and Tragic Truths”, op. cit. dlxxxii Cited in: Buddhi Kota Subbarao, ibid.; Donella Meadows, “A Nuclear Power Plant out of the Old World Order”, 2004, http://www.sustainer.org dlxxxiii A. Gopalakrishnan, “Reject French reactors for Jaitapur”, Dec 2, 2010, http://www.cndpindia.org dlxxxiv Stephen Thomas, “Really, Mr Huhne, you should brush up on your French”, Sept 1,2010, http://www.parliamentarybrief.com dlxxxv Robin Pagnamenta, “UK regulator raises French nuclear concerns”, July 1, 2009, http://business.timesonline.co.uk; “Nuclear Renaissance in Disarray”, Washington D. C., August 5, 2010, http://www.nirs.org/home dlxxxvi Linda Gunter, “The French Nuclear Industry Is Bad Enough in France; Let's Not Expand It to the U.S.”, op. cit.; “Mudding the Waters: Cogema's Hidden Environmental Crimes”, http://www.nirs.org; Linda Gunter, “Forum: France no example for nuclear power”, Jan 23, 2010, http://www.onlineathens.com dlxxxvii Praful Bidwai and M.V. Ramana, “Indian Mega Nuclear Plant Protested: Government short-circuits environmental hearings”, op. cit. dlxxxviii For some more details on this, see the Introduction. dlxxxix “Courting Nuclear Disaster in Maharashtra”, CNDP report, Jan 2011, p. 12; Nikhil Ghanekar, “The nuclear park at Jaitapur will be huge. So will the human cost”, Tehelka, Sept 18, 2010, http://www.tehelka.com dxc “Courting Nuclear Disaster in Maharashtra”, CNDP report, Jan 2011, p. 12. dxci M. V. Ramana, “Preliminary Observations on the Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed reactors for Jaitapur, Maharashtra carried out by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur”, unpublished, submitted to the MoEF at the public hearing organised in Madban on the EIA prepared by NEERI, in May 2010. dxcii M. V. Ramana, ibid.; see also: Meena Menon, “Critical mass”, Frontline, June 5, 2010, http://www.frontlineonnet.com 198
dxciii M. V. Ramana, ibid. dxciv Murty, C. V. R., “Learning earthquake design and construction: 4. Where are the seismic zones in India?, 2004, www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Sept2004 dxcv “Jaitapur, India: EPR -- a nuclear problem not an energy solution”, Jaitapur Media Briefing, Greenpeace, Dec 6, 2010, http://www.greenpeace.org dxcvi Ibid. dxcvii Ashwin Kumar, M. V. Ramana, “Nuclear safety lessons from Japan's summer earthquake”, Dec 4, 2007, http://www.thebulletin.org; Gavan McCormack, “Japan as a Nuclear State”, Aug 1, 2007, http://www.japanfocus.org dxcviii M. V. Ramana, “Preliminary Observations on the Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed reactors for Jaitapur, Maharashtra carried out by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur”, op. cit.; see also: Meena Menon, “Critical mass”, op. cit. dxcix Meena Menon, “Critical mass”, ibid.; Gopal Krishna, “Why the Jaitapur nuclear plant must be opposed”, Dec 29, 2010, http://www.rediff.com dc “Environmental Clearance for JNPP by MOEF”, Nov 26, 2010, www.npcil.co.in dci T. N. Raghunatha, “Jaitapur nuclear power project gets conditional clearance”, Nov 29, 2010, http://www.dailypioneer.com dcii M. A. Rane, “Dangers from nuclear power projects”, op. cit. dciii Integrated Energy Policy, 2006, http://planningcommission.nic.in, p. xiii. dciv Ibid., p. 22. dcv “Nuclear energy essential for India: Manmohan Singh”, ANI report, March 24, 2008, http://www.andhranews.net/India/2008/March/24-Nuclear-energy-essential-38627.asp dcvi Bharat Jhunjhunwala, “Will nuclear power really help?”, The Hindu Business Line, Mar 26, 2008, http://www.thehindubusinessline.in dcvii Integrated Energy Policy, 2006, http://planningcommission.nic.in, p. 20 dcviii Neeraj Jain, India becoming a colony again, Oct 2010, Lokayat publication, Pune. dcix Sagar Dhara, “Is thermal power going to be the biggest risk to Indian biodiversity this century?”, NBSAP: Thermal power and biodiversity review, Jan 2003. dcx Source CEA, http://www.cea.nic.in dcxi Even the IEP 2006 admits that while officially 85 percent of villages are considered electrified, around 57 percent of the rural households and 12 percent of the urban households, i.e. 84 million households (over 44.2% of total) in the country did not have electricity in 2000. Source: Integrated Energy Policy, 2006, http://planningcommission.nic.in, p. 2. dcxii “Still Waiting: A Report on Energy Injustice”, Report produced by Greenpeace India Society, Oct 2009, available on: http://www.scribd.com/doc/26256876/Still-Waiting dcxiii Integrated Energy Policy, 2006, http://planningcommission.nic.in., p. 22. dcxiv Ibid., p. 46. dcxv Hydropower capacity was 36 GW in 2010, so projected increase in installed capacity by 2032 is 150 – 36 = 114 or 110 GW approx; installed coal based power capacity was 84 GW in 2010, so that means an additional capacity increase of 270 - 84 = 186 or 190 GW upto 2032. dcxvi National Electricity Plan, Vol I, Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India, cited in: “Strategies to Reduce GHG Emissions from India’s Coal-Based Power Generation”, The Energy and Resources Institute, Project Report No. 2008IE14, May 19, 2009, http://assets.panda.org, p. 20. dcxvii Integrated Energy Policy, 2006, http://planningcommission.nic.in., pp. 46-47. dcxviii Green Energy, WISE, May-June 2009, http://www.wise-cleanenergy.info/green-energy/GE-May- June09.pdf, pp. 16-17. dcxix http://www.psr.org/assets/pdfs/coals-assault-executive.pdf dcxx Sagar Dhara, “Is thermal power going to be the biggest risk to Indian biodiversity this century?”, op. cit. dcxxi “The True Cost of Coal”, http://www.greenpeace.org dcxxii Sagar Dhara, “Is thermal power going to be the biggest risk to Indian biodiversity this century?”, op. cit. dcxxiii “Coal Ash Pollution Contaminates Groundwater, Increases Cancer Risks”, Sept 4, 2007, http://www.earthjustice.org dcxxiv Joseph V. Spadaro, et. al., “Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electricity Generation Chains: Assessing the Difference”, IAEA bulletin, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull422/article4.pdf dcxxv http://www.pewclimate.org/technology/overview/electricity dcxxvi http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf, p. i. dcxxvii http://www.narmada.org/gcg/gcg.html dcxxviii “A Trojan Horse for Large Dams”, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk 199
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NUCLEAR ENERGY Technology From Hell
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Introduction Part I: Government Pla
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yet to find solution to the problem
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Mithivirdi: A powerful movement of
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eing proposed to be set up in the c
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nuclear power plant accident, in ou
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was subsequently endorsed by the he
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Atoms are so small that they can’
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called enriched uranium. [Note that
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of a nuclear power reactor. A typic
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Coolant: A liquid or gas circulatin
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Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor Hea
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Is Nuclear Energy Safe? Chapter 3 A
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iii. Gamma radiation: This is akin
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haematopoietic system). Radiation c
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Part III: Radiation Emission in Nuc
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The radioactivity from the tailing
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power plant contains an amount of l
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Tritium is a particularly scary mat
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Plutonium cxi Named after Pluto, th
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Firstly, reprocessing does not redu
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sports and fishing were also banned
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detail the impact of these 'once th
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We today know for a fact that the n
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Till 2005, there were at least 10,0
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The report mentions 16 “events”
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In an article published in The Nati
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Even asssuming that there will not
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fossil fuels. It has now come up wi
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Opinion of Credit Ratings Agencies
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it acknowledged that the expected c
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plant owners to use much more of th
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was the Vice-President of the USA):
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6. Blithely Ignoring Health Costs S
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Is Nuclear Power Green? Chapter 5 S
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Energy Balance attempts to make an
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nuclear energy as compared to elect
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Table 1: Estimates of Total and Nuc
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� At the end of 2009, there were
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Therefore, despite all the optimism
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1. Reviewing the Nuclear Renaissanc
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certification also runs out in 2012
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nuclear phase-out plans which are n
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lower house (Bundestag) to pass a b
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UK and French nuclear safety author
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The second and more important reaso
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eactor or two, but considering that
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Pre-Independence Period India’s N
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Secretary to the DAE. The 1958 Reso
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The reality has been quite differen
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Narora Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 x 2 4
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Background Part III: US-India Agree
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2. New Reactors Even before the Ind
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clearance, indicative of the fact t
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producing electricity from these re
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matters of negotiations”. cdxliii
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arm of Indian big industry, had ext
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India’s Nuclear Installations: Sa
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extremely sensitive material used i
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area due to uranium mining. cdlxxxi
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women complained of fatigue, weakne
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India: World’s most unsafe, most
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the AEC has not instituted an award
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The biggest deficiency in the Rajas
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The bed of the Thane creek, which i
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Fires have also occurred repeatedly
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workers are exposed to radiation, a
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can't catch anything else, and ther
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up in 1971 at Kalpakkam to lead the
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Tulsunde (population 800), Janshipa
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are going to be correspondingly hig
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governing the computers and systems
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guidelines.” It’s unbelievable
Page 147 and 148: The Sustainable Alternative to Nucl
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Page 157 and 158: such absolutely non-essential uses?
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Page 195 and 196: cdlxix Dhirendra Sharma, India’s
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Page 201 and 202: dclix Union of Concerned Scientists
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