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2)The Renewable Energy Potential in India India is the only country in the world to have an exclusive ministry for renewable energy development, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The website of this Ministry gives a large amount of statistics about the vast renewable energy potential of India. Here is a brief summary: (i) Solar Energy Being a tropical country, this is the renewable energy source with the most potential for India. India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5,000 trillion kWh per year. The daily average solar energy incident varies from 4 -7 kWh per square meter depending upon the location. dclxxxi According to government figures, more than 35 grid connected solar photovoltaic power plants with a total capacity of 10.28 MW had been installed in the country by the end of March 2010. In addition, total capacity of stand-alone solar PV power plants in rural and other areas to provide power for electrification and running electrical equipments had gone up to 2.46 MWp by the end of financial year 2009-10. The MNRE website also claims that as on March 31, 2010, a total of 5,83,429 PV home lighting systems, 88,297 street lighting systems, 7,92,285 solar lanterns, 7,334 PV pumps and solar water heaters of total collector area of 3.53 million sq. m. had been installed in the country so far. dclxxxii In January 2010, the Government of India announced an ambitious “National Solar Mission” with the aim of generating 20,000 MW of solar energy by 2022; of this, in the first phase, 1300 MW of power is to be added by 2013. dclxxxiii With costs of solar energy systems falling sharply the world over, and given the huge potential of generating usable energy from the sun in India, if the government indeed displays the political will it should be possible for solar energy to provide an increasing proportion of electricity generation in the country in the coming years. (ii) Wind Energy A total wind power capacity of 10807 MW has been established in the country up to March 31, 2010. India is now the fifth largest wind power producer in the world, after USA, Germany, Spain and China. This is slightly above one-fifth of the total wind power potential of 48,500 MW as estimated by the MNRE. dclxxxiv The actual wind power potential of India may be many times the official estimate, according to many experts. A new report "Indian Wind Energy Outlook 2009" released in September 2009 in New Delhi by the Global Wind Energy Council says that technological improvements and tapping India’s vast off-shore potential could result in a total installed wind power capacity of 231 GW and a power production of 579 TWh by 2030! dclxxxv That is huge! 164
(iii) Small Hydro Power The government of India categorises hydro power projects of upto 25 MW capacity as Small Hydro Power (SHP) Projects, and their responsibility has been vested with the MNRE. These do not have any of the disadvantages of large hydro power plants that have been discussed in an earlier section of this Chapter. On the contrary, they are one of the most environmental friendly ways of providing electricity to remote villages, especially in hilly areas, where providing grid electricity is very uneconomical. The MNRE estimates the total Small Hydro Power potential of the country to be 15,000 MW. As of December, 2009, a total of 700 small hydropower projects aggregating to 2,558 MW have been set up in various parts of the country – which is about 17% of the total potential. (In addition, 296 projects of about 936 MW are in various stages of implementation.) The MNRE has set a target of harnessing at least 50% of the SHP potential in the next 10 years. dclxxxvi (iv) Biomass Biomass, that is, plant and animal waste, is the oldest source of renewable energy known to humans, used since our ancestors learned the secret of fire. A large number of biomass materials have been used successfully for power generation, including bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells, saw dust etc.; and a number of technologies are available for generating grid quality power from these resources. The MNRE estimates the surplus biomass availability at about 120 –150 million metric tons per annum covering only agricultural and forestry residues, from which about 16,000 MW of power can be generated. In addition, by modernizing sugar mills, about 5,000 MW power could be generated through bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s 550 sugar mills. Thus the total estimated biomass power potential in the country is about 21,000 MW. According to the MNRE, as of December 2009, 829 MW of biomass power projects and 1307 MW of bagasse cogeneration projects had been installed in the country for feeding power to the grid, whose aggregate power capacity was about 2136 MW. dclxxxvii Energy from urban waste Another form of biomass is the rising piles of garbage in India’s cities as a result of increasing urbanization. While these have become a big environmental hazard and their disposal a major headache for city corporations, actually they too are another source of non-conventional energy. An additional advantage is that this reduces the quantity of waste by as much as 60-90 % depending upon the waste composition and the technology adopted, and also reduces the cost of waste treatment and demand for land. The MNRE estimates that about 50 million tonnes of solid waste (1.15 lakh tonnes per day) and 6000 million cubic meters of liquid waste are generated every year by our urban population, from which over 2600 MW of power could potentially be generated. The MNRE also estimates that 165
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NUCLEAR ENERGY Technology From Hell
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Introduction Part I: Government Pla
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yet to find solution to the problem
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Mithivirdi: A powerful movement of
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eing proposed to be set up in the c
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nuclear power plant accident, in ou
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was subsequently endorsed by the he
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Atoms are so small that they can’
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called enriched uranium. [Note that
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of a nuclear power reactor. A typic
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Coolant: A liquid or gas circulatin
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Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor Hea
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Is Nuclear Energy Safe? Chapter 3 A
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iii. Gamma radiation: This is akin
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haematopoietic system). Radiation c
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Part III: Radiation Emission in Nuc
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The radioactivity from the tailing
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power plant contains an amount of l
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Tritium is a particularly scary mat
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Plutonium cxi Named after Pluto, th
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Firstly, reprocessing does not redu
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sports and fishing were also banned
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detail the impact of these 'once th
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We today know for a fact that the n
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Till 2005, there were at least 10,0
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The report mentions 16 “events”
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In an article published in The Nati
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Even asssuming that there will not
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fossil fuels. It has now come up wi
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Opinion of Credit Ratings Agencies
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it acknowledged that the expected c
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plant owners to use much more of th
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was the Vice-President of the USA):
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6. Blithely Ignoring Health Costs S
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Is Nuclear Power Green? Chapter 5 S
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Energy Balance attempts to make an
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nuclear energy as compared to elect
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Table 1: Estimates of Total and Nuc
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� At the end of 2009, there were
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Therefore, despite all the optimism
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1. Reviewing the Nuclear Renaissanc
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certification also runs out in 2012
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nuclear phase-out plans which are n
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lower house (Bundestag) to pass a b
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UK and French nuclear safety author
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The second and more important reaso
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eactor or two, but considering that
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Pre-Independence Period India’s N
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Secretary to the DAE. The 1958 Reso
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The reality has been quite differen
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Narora Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 x 2 4
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Background Part III: US-India Agree
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2. New Reactors Even before the Ind
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clearance, indicative of the fact t
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producing electricity from these re
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matters of negotiations”. cdxliii
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Page 115 and 116: India’s Nuclear Installations: Sa
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Page 119 and 120: area due to uranium mining. cdlxxxi
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Page 127 and 128: The biggest deficiency in the Rajas
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Page 131 and 132: Fires have also occurred repeatedly
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Page 137 and 138: up in 1971 at Kalpakkam to lead the
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Page 147 and 148: The Sustainable Alternative to Nucl
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Page 151 and 152: of the human body. In particular, t
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Page 157 and 158: such absolutely non-essential uses?
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Page 161 and 162: Solar water heaters are a very simp
Page 163: Renewable Energies: Poised for a Le
Page 167 and 168: Indian villages are spread over wid
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Page 171 and 172: anticipating a change in NSG rules,
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Page 179 and 180: analyse. We must develop our politi
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Page 185 and 186: cliii The IAEA maintains an interna
Page 187 and 188: cciv Mycle Schneider, et al., “Th
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Page 191 and 192: cccxxxv “The postponement of the
Page 193 and 194: cdi “Uranium imports boost Indian
Page 195 and 196: cdlxix Dhirendra Sharma, India’s
Page 197 and 198: dxxxviii “Nuclear power in India
Page 199 and 200: dxciii M. V. Ramana, ibid. dxciv Mu
Page 201 and 202: dclix Union of Concerned Scientists
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