[PDF] Community Development Toolkit - CommDev

GlossarycontinuedGLOSSARY AND REFERENCESMonitoring The ongoing, methodicalcollection and analysis of dataon development activities that provideprogram managers and stakeholderswith early indications of progress andachievement of goals. Monitoring can besaid to be the measurement of outputsand is undertaken more frequently thanevaluation and is often done by peopleinvolved in the community developmentprograms.NNegotiation A discussion among two ormore people with the goal of reaching anagreement.Non-government organizations (NGOs)Private organizations that pursue activitiesto relieve suffering, promote the interests ofthe poor, protect the environment, providebasic social services or undertakecommunity development. NGOs operateindependently of government, are oftenvalue based and guided by the principles ofaltruism and voluntarism. Broadly, NGOsmay be i) operational, when their primarypurpose is the design and implementationof development-related projects, orii) advocacy focused, when their primarypurpose is to defend or promote a specificcause or seek to influence developmentpolicies and practices.OObjective An expression of an effect that aprogram is expected to achieve if completedsuccessfully and according to plan.Objectives are often viewed as a hierarchy,beginning with strategic goals, purposes,outputs and activities.Organization Formal structures withdesignated roles and purposes.Organizations and individuals pursue theirinterests within an institutional structuredefined by formal rules (constitutions, laws,regulations, contracts) and informal rules(ethics, trust, religious precepts and otherimplicit codes of conduct). Organizations,in turn, have internal rules to deal withpersonnel, budgets, procurement andreporting procedures, which constrain thebehaviour of their members.Outcome The objectives of communitydevelopment – the longer-term resultsaimed for at the end of a program.Output The direct results of an intervention,a “deliverable” for which management isresponsible.PParticipation A process through whichstakeholders influence and share controlover development initiatives and thedecisions and resources that affect them.Participation can improve the quality,effectiveness and sustainability of projectsand strengthen ownership and commitmentof government and stakeholders.206 Community Development Toolkit