Methods in Anopheles Research - MR4

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 2 : Anopheles Laboratory Biology and Culture2.1 Behavior and Physiology of Anophelines in the LaboratoryPage 7 of 8Figure 2.1.14. Anophelesgambiae taking sugar mealfrom a tangerine. Female atbottom, center is drinking juice.Two males have beenattracted.Figure 2.1.15. Sugar-fedAnopheles farauti. Plant juicesare stored in the crop ratherthan the midgut. Differentspecies have been observed toingest 29-62% of their unfedweight in sugar. In many tests,certain types of sugar sourceshave been shown to beimportant in increasing the lifespan of females that arefrequently blood fed over thosewho were given only blood.BloodOnly females take blood meals. The blood is their resource for protein needed in ovary development.There is data that substantiates blood as also providing a source of energy since blood fed females havebeen shown to survive longer than females given only water. It is very common for a mosquito to take asmuch as 2-4 times their weight of blood in a single meal. Females can also excrete clear to reddish fluidwhile bloodfeeding in order to concentrate the protein as much as 2 fold (Figure 2.1.16), a process calleddiuresis.Mouthparts Used in FeedingMosquitoes have mouth parts conducive to taking up liquids. Females have more complex mouthpartsbecause they must probe flowers and pierce skin. The mouthparts vary among the types of mosquitoes,especially among those who have different necessary functions such as those that take blood mealsversus those that do not.
Chapter 2 : Anopheles Laboratory Biology and Culture2.1 Behavior and Physiology of Anophelines in the LaboratoryPage 8 of 8Figure 2.1.16. Anophelesstephensi mosquito taking a bloodmeal. Notice the blood movingthrough the proboscis. Themosquito is undergoing a processcalled diuresis by which sheconcentrates the blood.(Photo contributed by JamesGathany, CDC, used withpermission.)Phases of Blood-feeding• Exploration. After a mosquito lands on its host, it goes through an exploratory phase beforepenetrating the skin. Anopheles and Aedes remain stationary for a period of time after landing ona human. Host movement during this time causes the mosquito to leave. Without movement, themosquito explores the skin either in the area of landing or sometimes moving around.• Probing. Prior to penetration, the mosquito goes through a process of probing in which it touchesits labium (not the proboscis) to the skin surface many times to decide where to penetrate withthe proboscis. The mosquito then stabilizes by straightening the legs just prior to penetration.• Penetration. Proboscis is inserted into the skin.• Imbibing. This process begins when the palps stop vibrating from the penetration process.• Withdrawal. This action takes about 3 seconds. A complete withdrawal can occur or only apartial one with re-insertion. After final withdrawal, the female usually flies away quickly.ReferencesClements AN (1992) The Biology of Mosquitoes: Development, Nutrition and Reproduction. Chapman &Hall, Londonde Meillon B, Sebastian A, Khan ZH (1967) The duration of egg, larval and pupal stages of Culex pipiensfatigans in Rangoon, Burma. Bull World Health Organ 36:7-14Foster WA (1995) Mosquito sugar feeding and reproductive energetics. Annual Review of Entomology40:443-474Haddow AJ, Gillett JD, Corbet PS (1959) Laboratory observations on pupation and emergence in themosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 53:123-131Nayar JK, Sauerman DM, Jr. (1970) A comparative study of growth and development in Floridamosquitoes. I. Effects of environmental factors on ontogenetic timings, endogenous diurnal rhythm andsynchrony of pupation and emergence. J Med Entomol 7:163-174Timmermann SE, Briegel H (1993) Water depth and larval density affect development and accumulationof reserves in laboratory populations of mosquitoes. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 18:174-187
Page 1: \Methods inAnopheles ResearchSecond
Page 8 and 9: Preface to Second EditionWhen Mark
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 1 : Insectary Operation1.1
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 2 : Anopheles Laboratory Bi
Page 39: Chapter 2 : Anopheles Laboratory Bi
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 2 : Anopheles Laboratory Bi
Page 93 and 94:
Chapter 2 : Anopheles Biology Labor
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 3 : Specific Anopheles Tech
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
5. Place eggs in a new Petri dish c
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 4 : Stock Authentication4.1
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 4.2.3.1 Lane 1 1kb ladder, l
Page 171 and 172:
Chapter 5 : Insecticide Resistance
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
INTRODUCTIONChapter 5 : Insecticide
Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 5 : Insecticide Resistance5
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Chapter 6 : Dissection Techniques6.
Page 227 and 228:
Figure 6.2.1. Larval mosquito midgu
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 7 : Taxonomy and Systematic
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Collection NumberCountryNumber Le P
Page 267 and 268:
MOSQUITO BITING COLLECTION RECORDCo
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Chapter 8 : Field Techniques8.1 Mol
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Chapter 8 : Field Techniques8.2 Pla
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Chapter 8 : Field Techniques8.4 Spe
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Chapter 8 : Field Techniques8.5 Rea
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
20Chapter 8 : Field Techniques8.5 R
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
8070Mutant (S1014)Chapter 8 : Field
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
AChapter 8 : Field Techniques8.5 Re
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Chapter 9 : Obtaining Live Material
Page 343:
Chapter 9 : Obtaining Live Material
show all

Methods in Anopheles Research - MR4

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?