Dissertation - Michael Becker

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lexical statistics available to the grammar, the learner must make sure that these statisticsare not buried in the lexicon via the assignment of abstract underlying representations toroots. I present an algorithm for minimizing the information in the lexicon by assuming thesurface form of the base as the underlying representation, and by minimizing the numberof allomorphs that affixes have. Minimizing the information in underlying representationshas as a necessary consequence the attribution of more information to the grammar.The use of the constraints of Optimality Theory to express lexical trends predicts atypology of trends. I explore this typology and show that all of its predictions correspondto observed lexical trends.219
CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS5.1 Summary of the dissertationThis dissertation started with two empirical observations about two biases that humanshave in their treatment of their lexicon:They ignore unnatural interactions betweenphonological elements (chapter 2), and they state generalizations based on the surfaceproperties of lexical items (chapter 3). These observations were taken as evidence fora model of grammar that has built-in expectations about the naturalness of phonologicaloperations, and that states phonological generalizations in terms of constraints on surfaceforms. As it happens, Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004) is such a model,and this work developed an OT-based model for learning lexically-specific phonology andfor projecting the learned statistics onto novel items (chapter 4).In Turkish, voicing alternations affect stem-final stops in some nouns (e.g. tat ∼ tad-1 ‘taste’), but not in others (e.g. at ∼ ad-1 ‘horse’). While it is not predictable whetherany given lexical item will voice or not, voicing alternations are tightly correlated withthe phonological shape of nouns when averaged over the lexicon. Specifically, voicingalternations are correlated with the size of nouns, with the identity of the final stops, andwith the height and backness of the noun’s last vowel. When learning their language,Turkish speakers don’t content themselves with learning the behavior of individual items;they also learn about correlations between the shapes of nouns and the likelihood that theywill display voicing alternations, and when given a novel noun, they match its likelihood ofalternation to the likelihood of alternation of similar nouns. The question was what nounscount as being similar to the given novel noun. It turned out that the size of the noun and220
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PHONOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE LEXICON:
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PHONOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE LEXICON:
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWorking on this diss
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For saving my life, I thank Dr. Deb
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of voicing alternations in the lexi
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2.4.3 The size effect . . . . . . .
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4.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . .
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are several reasons for thinking ab
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etween conflicting grammars, which
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(2)/sprEd + d/ *DD DEP MAXa. ☞ sp
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(4)/gaId + d/ *DD MAX DEPa. ☞ gaI
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At this point, the ranking algorith
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pattern is. Speakers use their gram
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once two segments are merged into o
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Similarly for the Ù -final nouns,
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the singular or only in the plural.
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of the final stop, but they do not
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IDENT(voice) σ1 . The existence of
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Of the 3002 nouns in TELL whose bar
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(22) Height of stem-final vowel n %
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A closer examination of vowel round
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While high has a larger R 2 than si
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ackness of final stem vowels are al
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syllable of the CVCVC words were re
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faithfully. The participants saw an
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(32) Differences between high and n
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to alternating responses than the b
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contrasted with general-purpose sta
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RCD takes winner-loser pairs such a
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RCD. Pater (2006, 2008b) proposes a
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To replicate the effect that place
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(45)ID(voice) *VtV *VÙV amaÙ *VÙ
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generally don’t alternate, regard
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(51)IDENT IDENT σ1saÙ IDENT σ1ta
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To summarize, the analysis of the s
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with clones of the specific IDENT(v
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vowel, namely *RpV, *RtV, *RÙV, an
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(60) bare stem possessivea. ok ok-u
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Since the deleting dorsals and the
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The MGL works by reading in pairs o
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(66) The difference in rates of alt
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(67) a. The UR’s of [at] and [tat
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Speakers chose voicing alternations
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CHAPTER 3SURFACE-BASED LEXICAL TREN
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-ot with nouns that have [o] in the
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(71) a. Natural gender: Whenever a
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The data in (75) shows that ot-taki
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will stay agnostic about the status
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a-a a-o i-o o-axaSáS (-ót) makór
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∼ morad-ót ‘slope’, gág ∼
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(83) Nonce words and the percent of
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experiment 1 of Berent et al. 1999,
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The licensing effect emerges when s
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(86)xalon MASC + {im MASC , ot FEM
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stress stays on the root 11 , so an
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(96)Sem MASC + {im MASC , ot FEM }
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frequency of ot-taking in the lexic
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(100) LOCAL(o) xalon ≫ φ-MATCH
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3.4.3 Learning specific patterns fi
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The problem here is that a single l
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As the speaker learns the rest of t
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Under this view, three kinds of Heb
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that distinguishes local licensing
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(114) “surface” language “dee
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garlic, carrots, loquats, zucchinis
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(118) Here’s one MASC on the righ
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3.5.4 Transcription and encodingFor
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in §3.5.5.2, (c) Speakers were bia
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for the combined stem vowel change
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the ability to observe any vowel ef
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(128)memorization score0 5 10 15 20
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3.5.5.4 Errors and vowel perception
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3.6.1 The role of Universal Grammar
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that is indifferent to the vowel of
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changes could apply in two differen
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The experimental results cannot be
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ode) to form the past tense of nove
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output is not present due to faithf
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[o] often choose -ot, or one can sa
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trends in the lexicon and allows th
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pair from the Support, but leaving
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simple minimal conflict, which can
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While this grammar will correctly d
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(139) or (141), the choice of const
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(150)C1 C2 C3a. winner1 ≻ loser1
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that the likelihood of ot-taking in
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(155)C1 C2 C3 C4a. winner1 ≻ lose
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introduced, the clone, are discusse
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*VÙV and ONSET below IDENT(voice)
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(161)*VÙV 〈taÙ,IDENTσ1 〉 IDE
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Page 187 and 188: c. Make ∅ the domain of C W and C
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Page 205 and 206: My approach is in keeping with a ce
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Page 217 and 218: To summarize, the Korean case shows
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Page 221 and 222: Both ways of dealing with [sOt] - c
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Page 227 and 228: d/ → gaIdId), while some verbs re
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Page 231: It might be worth noting that the d
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Page 237 and 238: 5.2.2 The search for underlying rep
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Page 241 and 242: BIBLIOGRAPHYAharoni, Moti (2007). D
Page 243 and 244: Boersma, Paul (2001). Phonology-sem
Page 245 and 246: Inkelas, Sharon & Cemil Orhan Orgun
Page 247 and 248: Merchant, Nazarré (2008). Discover
Page 249 and 250: Tesar, Bruce (1998). Using the mutu
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Dissertation - Michael Becker

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