Dissertation - Michael Becker

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each word. The second file was similarly constructed with the –ot plural first, followed bythe –im plural. Each file was converted to .mp3 format using the LAME encoder, version3.97 (from http://www.mp3dev.org/).The experiment was conducted on a web-based interface, using Firefox. After someinstructions were presented, training consisted of responding to three nouns with the vowelpattern [u-a]: an existing ot-taker (sulám ‘ladder’), an existing im-taker (duxán ‘stall’), anda novel noun (kuSár). Feedback was given for the two existing items.The experimental items were randomized and presented in a frame sentence that makesthem masculine nouns, e.g.:(78) zekamoz,vezeodkamoz.this MASC is a kamoz,and this MASC is another kamoz.beyaxad, eleSneytogether, they’retwo MASCThe sentence appeared on the screen in Hebrew orthography, which included voweldiacritics on the target nouns. In parallel, the participants heard one of the sound files asdescribed above, with the singular heard twice, followed by the two plural forms in randomorder, e.g. kmoz-ím and kmoz-ót. Using the mouse, the participants were asked to choosethe form that sounded most appropriate by clicking one of two buttons.The real words used are listed with their plurals in (79). The plural forms that wereassumed to be correct are in parentheses, with the full form given if it differs from thesimple concatenation of the singular root and the plural suffix. The novel words are listedin (83) below, with the experimental results.(79) Existing words83
a-a a-o i-o o-axaSáS (-ót) makór (mekor-ót) cinór (-ót) olám (-ót)zanáv (znav-ót) xalóm (-ót) nixóax (nixox-ót) mosád (-ót)mazál (-ót) garón (gron-ót) vilón (-ót) ocár (-ót)nahár (nehar-ót) asón (-ót) kinór (-ót) morád (-ót)davár (dvar-ím) alón (-ím) kidón (-ím) gozál (-ím)bacál (bcal-ím) Saón (Seon-ím) kiyór (-ím) koláv (-ím)3.3.2 ParticipantsThe participants were 62 adult native speakers of Hebrew, students at the HebrewUniversity in Jerusalem. They were recruited with the generous help of Ram Frost, ofthe Hebrew University Psychology Department. One additional participant was excludedfor making more than 60% mistakes with the actual words tested, suggesting that shemisunderstood the task.A mistake was defined as a judgment that deviated from theauthor’s knowledge of Hebrew, as given in (79), and hence from the statistics extractedfrom Bolozky & <strong>Becker</strong> (2006). The other 62 speakers made very few mistakes with theactual words (M = .7, SD = .8, max = 3).3.3.3 ResultsThe participants chose –ot least often with [a-a], more often with [o-a], and most oftenwith [a-o], essentially replicating the lexical trend (80). There is a trend in the lexicon formore –ot after [i-o] than after [a-o], which speakers did not replicate; this is discussed in§3.4.2 below. The by-item results are in (83).84
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PHONOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE LEXICON:
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PHONOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE LEXICON:
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWorking on this diss
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For saving my life, I thank Dr. Deb
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of voicing alternations in the lexi
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2.4.3 The size effect . . . . . . .
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4.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . .
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are several reasons for thinking ab
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etween conflicting grammars, which
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(2)/sprEd + d/ *DD DEP MAXa. ☞ sp
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(4)/gaId + d/ *DD MAX DEPa. ☞ gaI
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At this point, the ranking algorith
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pattern is. Speakers use their gram
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once two segments are merged into o
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Similarly for the Ù -final nouns,
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the singular or only in the plural.
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of the final stop, but they do not
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IDENT(voice) σ1 . The existence of
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Of the 3002 nouns in TELL whose bar
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(22) Height of stem-final vowel n %
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A closer examination of vowel round
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While high has a larger R 2 than si
Page 45 and 46: ackness of final stem vowels are al
Page 47 and 48: syllable of the CVCVC words were re
Page 49 and 50: faithfully. The participants saw an
Page 51 and 52: (32) Differences between high and n
Page 53 and 54: to alternating responses than the b
Page 55 and 56: contrasted with general-purpose sta
Page 57 and 58: RCD takes winner-loser pairs such a
Page 59 and 60: RCD. Pater (2006, 2008b) proposes a
Page 61 and 62: To replicate the effect that place
Page 63 and 64: (45)ID(voice) *VtV *VÙV amaÙ *VÙ
Page 65 and 66: generally don’t alternate, regard
Page 67 and 68: (51)IDENT IDENT σ1saÙ IDENT σ1ta
Page 69 and 70: To summarize, the analysis of the s
Page 71 and 72: with clones of the specific IDENT(v
Page 73 and 74: vowel, namely *RpV, *RtV, *RÙV, an
Page 75 and 76: (60) bare stem possessivea. ok ok-u
Page 77 and 78: Since the deleting dorsals and the
Page 79 and 80: The MGL works by reading in pairs o
Page 81 and 82: (66) The difference in rates of alt
Page 83 and 84: (67) a. The UR’s of [at] and [tat
Page 85 and 86: Speakers chose voicing alternations
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 3SURFACE-BASED LEXICAL TREN
Page 89 and 90: -ot with nouns that have [o] in the
Page 91 and 92: (71) a. Natural gender: Whenever a
Page 93 and 94: The data in (75) shows that ot-taki
Page 95: will stay agnostic about the status
Page 99 and 100: ∼ morad-ót ‘slope’, gág ∼
Page 101 and 102: (83) Nonce words and the percent of
Page 103 and 104: experiment 1 of Berent et al. 1999,
Page 105 and 106: The licensing effect emerges when s
Page 107 and 108: (86)xalon MASC + {im MASC , ot FEM
Page 109 and 110: stress stays on the root 11 , so an
Page 111 and 112: (96)Sem MASC + {im MASC , ot FEM }
Page 113 and 114: frequency of ot-taking in the lexic
Page 115 and 116: (100) LOCAL(o) xalon ≫ φ-MATCH
Page 117 and 118: 3.4.3 Learning specific patterns fi
Page 119 and 120: The problem here is that a single l
Page 121 and 122: As the speaker learns the rest of t
Page 123 and 124: Under this view, three kinds of Heb
Page 125 and 126: that distinguishes local licensing
Page 127 and 128: (114) “surface” language “dee
Page 129 and 130: garlic, carrots, loquats, zucchinis
Page 131 and 132: (118) Here’s one MASC on the righ
Page 133 and 134: 3.5.4 Transcription and encodingFor
Page 135 and 136: in §3.5.5.2, (c) Speakers were bia
Page 137 and 138: for the combined stem vowel change
Page 139 and 140: the ability to observe any vowel ef
Page 141 and 142: (128)memorization score0 5 10 15 20
Page 143 and 144: 3.5.5.4 Errors and vowel perception
Page 145 and 146: 3.6.1 The role of Universal Grammar
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that is indifferent to the vowel of
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changes could apply in two differen
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The experimental results cannot be
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ode) to form the past tense of nove
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output is not present due to faithf
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[o] often choose -ot, or one can sa
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trends in the lexicon and allows th
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pair from the Support, but leaving
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simple minimal conflict, which can
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While this grammar will correctly d
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(139) or (141), the choice of const
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(150)C1 C2 C3a. winner1 ≻ loser1
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that the likelihood of ot-taking in
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(155)C1 C2 C3 C4a. winner1 ≻ lose
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introduced, the clone, are discusse
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*VÙV and ONSET below IDENT(voice)
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(161)*VÙV 〈taÙ,IDENTσ1 〉 IDE
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The cloning subroutine in described
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ability to learn a morphological ca
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(165)*VÙVIDENT(voice)a. anaÙ-1 PO
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c. Make ∅ the domain of C W and C
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three listed possessive forms. Sinc
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A fully general mechanism for findi
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cloning. Subjecting the Support in
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Adding the feature that causes an u
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one tested. Each hypothesis in turn
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and the learner’s form are differ
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irrelevant for the derivation of y1
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from its distribution, and if two c
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My approach is in keeping with a ce
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In the UR-based analysis, the gramm
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of phonological primitives that con
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preference for frequent mappings wi
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that the vowel of the accusative su
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(195) IDENT(cont) IDENT(voice) IDEN
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To summarize, the Korean case shows
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In the approach that attributes hid
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Both ways of dealing with [sOt] - c
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following a (non-high) long vowel o
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(200) Affixation neutralizes a cont
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d/ → gaIdId), while some verbs re
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[-Er] only appears when it’s insi
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It might be worth noting that the d
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CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIR
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stem or only in the plural stem for
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5.2.2 The search for underlying rep
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fact, unbounded at the phrasal leve
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAharoni, Moti (2007). D
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Boersma, Paul (2001). Phonology-sem
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Inkelas, Sharon & Cemil Orhan Orgun
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Merchant, Nazarré (2008). Discover
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Tesar, Bruce (1998). Using the mutu
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