Dissertation - Michael Becker

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Kim, Hyunsoon (2001). A phonetically based account of phonological stop assibilation.Phonology 18. 81–108.Kiparsky, Paul (2000). Opacity and cyclicity. The Linguistic Review 17. 351–367.Kirchner, Robert (1998). An Effort-Based Approach to Consonant Lenition. Ph.D.dissertation, UCLA.Kisseberth, Charles (1970). On the functional unity of phonological rules. LinguisticInquiry 1. 291–306.Koehn, Edward & Sally Koehn (1986). Apalai. In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K.Pullum (eds.) Handbook of Amazonian languages, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, vol. 1.33–127.Krott, Andrea, R. Harald Baayen & Robert Schreuder (2001). Analogy in morphology:Modeling the choice of linking morphemes in dutch. Linguistics 39. 51–93.Lees, Robert (1961). The Phonology of Modern Standard Turkish. Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Press.Lisker, Leigh & Arthur Abramson (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initialstops: Acoustical measurements. Word 20. 384–422.Maddieson, Ian (1984). Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge University Press.Mahanta, Shakuntala (2007). Directionality and Locality in Vowel Harmony. Ph.D.dissertation, Utrecht University.Mascaró, Joan (1996). External allomorphy as emergence of the unmarked. In JacquesDurand & Bernard Laks (eds.) Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods,European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford. 473–483.McCarthy, John J. (2002). A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge UniversityPress.McCarthy, John J. (2003). OT constraints are categorical. Phonology 20. 75–138.McCarthy, John J. (2004). Headed spans and autosegmental spreading. Ms., University ofMassachusetts, Amherst. [Available as ROA-685].McCarthy, John J. (2005). Taking a Free Ride in Morphophonemic Learning. CatalanJournal of Linguistics 4. 19–55.McCarthy, John J. (2007a). Hidden Generalizations: Phonological Opacity in OptimalityTheory. London: Equinox Publishing Company.McCarthy, John J. (2007b). Slouching toward optimality. Phonological Studies (Journalof the Phonological Society of Japan) 7.233
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PHONOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE LEXICON:
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PHONOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE LEXICON:
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWorking on this diss
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For saving my life, I thank Dr. Deb
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of voicing alternations in the lexi
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2.4.3 The size effect . . . . . . .
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4.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . .
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are several reasons for thinking ab
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etween conflicting grammars, which
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(2)/sprEd + d/ *DD DEP MAXa. ☞ sp
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(4)/gaId + d/ *DD MAX DEPa. ☞ gaI
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At this point, the ranking algorith
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pattern is. Speakers use their gram
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once two segments are merged into o
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Similarly for the Ù -final nouns,
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the singular or only in the plural.
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of the final stop, but they do not
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IDENT(voice) σ1 . The existence of
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Of the 3002 nouns in TELL whose bar
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(22) Height of stem-final vowel n %
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A closer examination of vowel round
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While high has a larger R 2 than si
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ackness of final stem vowels are al
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syllable of the CVCVC words were re
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faithfully. The participants saw an
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(32) Differences between high and n
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to alternating responses than the b
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contrasted with general-purpose sta
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RCD takes winner-loser pairs such a
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RCD. Pater (2006, 2008b) proposes a
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To replicate the effect that place
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(45)ID(voice) *VtV *VÙV amaÙ *VÙ
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generally don’t alternate, regard
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(51)IDENT IDENT σ1saÙ IDENT σ1ta
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To summarize, the analysis of the s
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with clones of the specific IDENT(v
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vowel, namely *RpV, *RtV, *RÙV, an
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(60) bare stem possessivea. ok ok-u
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Since the deleting dorsals and the
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The MGL works by reading in pairs o
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(66) The difference in rates of alt
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(67) a. The UR’s of [at] and [tat
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Speakers chose voicing alternations
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CHAPTER 3SURFACE-BASED LEXICAL TREN
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-ot with nouns that have [o] in the
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(71) a. Natural gender: Whenever a
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The data in (75) shows that ot-taki
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will stay agnostic about the status
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a-a a-o i-o o-axaSáS (-ót) makór
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∼ morad-ót ‘slope’, gág ∼
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(83) Nonce words and the percent of
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experiment 1 of Berent et al. 1999,
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The licensing effect emerges when s
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(86)xalon MASC + {im MASC , ot FEM
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stress stays on the root 11 , so an
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(96)Sem MASC + {im MASC , ot FEM }
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frequency of ot-taking in the lexic
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(100) LOCAL(o) xalon ≫ φ-MATCH
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3.4.3 Learning specific patterns fi
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The problem here is that a single l
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As the speaker learns the rest of t
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Under this view, three kinds of Heb
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that distinguishes local licensing
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(114) “surface” language “dee
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garlic, carrots, loquats, zucchinis
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(118) Here’s one MASC on the righ
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3.5.4 Transcription and encodingFor
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in §3.5.5.2, (c) Speakers were bia
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for the combined stem vowel change
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the ability to observe any vowel ef
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(128)memorization score0 5 10 15 20
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3.5.5.4 Errors and vowel perception
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3.6.1 The role of Universal Grammar
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that is indifferent to the vowel of
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changes could apply in two differen
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The experimental results cannot be
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ode) to form the past tense of nove
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output is not present due to faithf
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[o] often choose -ot, or one can sa
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trends in the lexicon and allows th
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pair from the Support, but leaving
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simple minimal conflict, which can
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While this grammar will correctly d
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(139) or (141), the choice of const
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(150)C1 C2 C3a. winner1 ≻ loser1
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that the likelihood of ot-taking in
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(155)C1 C2 C3 C4a. winner1 ≻ lose
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introduced, the clone, are discusse
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*VÙV and ONSET below IDENT(voice)
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(161)*VÙV 〈taÙ,IDENTσ1 〉 IDE
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The cloning subroutine in described
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ability to learn a morphological ca
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(165)*VÙVIDENT(voice)a. anaÙ-1 PO
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c. Make ∅ the domain of C W and C
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three listed possessive forms. Sinc
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A fully general mechanism for findi
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cloning. Subjecting the Support in
Page 195 and 196: Adding the feature that causes an u
Page 197 and 198: one tested. Each hypothesis in turn
Page 199 and 200: and the learner’s form are differ
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Page 205 and 206: My approach is in keeping with a ce
Page 207 and 208: In the UR-based analysis, the gramm
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Page 213 and 214: that the vowel of the accusative su
Page 215 and 216: (195) IDENT(cont) IDENT(voice) IDEN
Page 217 and 218: To summarize, the Korean case shows
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Page 221 and 222: Both ways of dealing with [sOt] - c
Page 223 and 224: following a (non-high) long vowel o
Page 225 and 226: (200) Affixation neutralizes a cont
Page 227 and 228: d/ → gaIdId), while some verbs re
Page 229 and 230: [-Er] only appears when it’s insi
Page 231 and 232: It might be worth noting that the d
Page 233 and 234: CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIR
Page 235 and 236: stem or only in the plural stem for
Page 237 and 238: 5.2.2 The search for underlying rep
Page 239 and 240: fact, unbounded at the phrasal leve
Page 241 and 242: BIBLIOGRAPHYAharoni, Moti (2007). D
Page 243 and 244: Boersma, Paul (2001). Phonology-sem
Page 245: Inkelas, Sharon & Cemil Orhan Orgun
Page 249 and 250: Tesar, Bruce (1998). Using the mutu
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Dissertation - Michael Becker

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