<strong>2008</strong> 2007 Change€ € €Net realised pricegains/(losses) onsecurities andinterest rate futures 349,179,481 69,252,941 279,926,540Net realisedexchange rate andgold price gains 313,162,603 709,294,272 (396,131,669)Realised gainsarising fromfinancial operations 662,342,084 778,547,213 (116,205,129)The overall reduction in net realised exchangerate and gold price gains in <strong>2008</strong> was duemainly to <strong>the</strong> lower volume <strong>of</strong> gold sold in thatyear (see note 1, “Gold and gold receivables”).25 WRITE-DOWNS ON FINANCIAL ASSETS ANDPOSITIONS<strong>2008</strong>€2007€Change€Unrealisedprice losses onsecurities (2,164,000) (15,864,181) 13,700,181Unrealised pricelosses on interestrate swaps (476,831) (18,899) (457,932)Unrealisedexchange ratelosses (21,271) (2,518,369,734) 2,518,348,463Total writedowns(2,662,102) (2,534,252,814) 2,531,590,712In <strong>2008</strong> this expense was due mainly to <strong>the</strong>write-down <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> acquisition cost <strong>of</strong> individualsecurities shown on <strong>the</strong> Balance Sheet to <strong>the</strong>irmarket value as at 30 December <strong>2008</strong>.26 NET EXPENSE FROM FEES AND COMMISSIONS<strong>2008</strong>€2007€Change€Income from fees andcommissions 588,052 263,440 324,612Expenses relating t<strong>of</strong>ees and commissions (737,059) (885,131) 148,072Net expense from feesand commissions (149,007) (621,691) 472,684Income under this heading includespenalties imposed on credit institutions fornon-compliance with <strong>the</strong> minimum reserverequirements. Expenses relate to fees payableon current accounts and in connection with<strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> foreign currency interest ratefutures (see note 18, “Interest rate futures”).27 INCOME FROM EQUITY SHARES ANDPARTICIPATING INTERESTSDividends received on shares in <strong>the</strong> BIS(see note 6, “O<strong>the</strong>r assets”) are shown under thisheading.28 OTHER INCOMEO<strong>the</strong>r miscellaneous income during <strong>the</strong> yeararose principally from <strong>the</strong> contributions <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rcentral banks to <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> a service contrac<strong>the</strong>ld centrally by <strong>the</strong> ECB with an externalprovider <strong>of</strong> an IT network, and <strong>the</strong> transfers <strong>of</strong>unused administrative provisions to <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>itand Loss Account.29 STAFF COSTSSalaries, allowances, staff insurance and o<strong>the</strong>rmiscellaneous costs <strong>of</strong> €149.9 million (2007:€141.7 million) are included under this heading.Staff costs <strong>of</strong> €1.1 million (2007: €1.1 million)incurred in connection with <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>new ECB premises have been capitalised and areexcluded from this item. Salaries and allowances,including <strong>the</strong> emoluments <strong>of</strong> holders <strong>of</strong> seniormanagement positions, are modelled in essenceon, and are comparable with, <strong>the</strong> remunerationscheme <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European Communities.Members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Executive Board receive a basicsalary and additional allowances for residenceand representation. In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> President,an <strong>of</strong>ficial residence owned by <strong>the</strong> ECB isprovided in lieu <strong>of</strong> a residence allowance. Subjectto <strong>the</strong> Conditions <strong>of</strong> Employment for Staff <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> European Central <strong>Bank</strong>, members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Executive Board are entitled to household, childand education allowances, depending on <strong>the</strong>irECBAnnual Report<strong>2008</strong>237
individual circumstances. Basic salaries aresubject to a tax for <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> EuropeanCommunities as well as to deductions in respect <strong>of</strong>contributions to <strong>the</strong> pension, medical and accidentinsurance schemes. Allowances are non-taxableand non-pensionable.Basic salaries paid to members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ExecutiveBoard in <strong>2008</strong> and 2007 were as follows:<strong>2008</strong>€2007€Jean-Claude Trichet (President) 351,816 345,252Lucas D. Papademos (Vice-President) 301,548 295,920Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell(Board Member) 251,280 246,588José Manuel González-Páramo(Board Member) 251,280 246,588Lorenzo Bini Smaghi (Board Member) 251,280 246,588Jürgen Stark (Board Member) 251,280 246,588Total 1,658,484 1,627,524The total allowances paid to <strong>the</strong> members <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> Executive Board and <strong>the</strong>ir benefits from <strong>the</strong>ECB’s contributions to <strong>the</strong> medical and accidentinsurance schemes amounted to €600,523(2007: €579,842), resulting in total emoluments<strong>of</strong> €2,259,007 (2007: €2,207,366).Transitional payments are made to formermembers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Executive Board for a periodafter <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice. In <strong>2008</strong><strong>the</strong>se payments and <strong>the</strong> ECB’s contributions to<strong>the</strong> medical and accident insurance schemes <strong>of</strong>former members amounted to €30,748 (2007:€52,020). Pension payments, including relatedallowances, to former members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ExecutiveBoard or <strong>the</strong>ir dependents and contributions to<strong>the</strong> medical and accident insurance schemesamounted to €306,798 (2007: €249,902).Also included under this item is an amount <strong>of</strong>€24.3 million (2007: €27.2 million) recognisedin connection with <strong>the</strong> ECB’s retirement planand o<strong>the</strong>r post-employment benefits (see note 12,“O<strong>the</strong>r liabilities”).At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>2008</strong> <strong>the</strong> actual full-time equivalentnumber <strong>of</strong> staff holding contracts with <strong>the</strong> ECBwas 1,536, 22 including 144 with managerialpositions. The change in <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> staffduring <strong>2008</strong> was as follows: 23<strong>2008</strong> 2007As at 1 January 1,478 1,416New staff 307 310Resignations/end <strong>of</strong> contract 238 235Net decrease due to changes inpart-time working patterns 11 13As at 31 December 1,536 1,478Average number <strong>of</strong> staff employed 1,499 1,44830 ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSESThese cover all o<strong>the</strong>r current expenses relatingto <strong>the</strong> renting and maintenance <strong>of</strong> premises,goods and equipment <strong>of</strong> a non-capital nature,pr<strong>of</strong>essional fees and o<strong>the</strong>r services and supplies,toge<strong>the</strong>r with staff-related expenses includingrecruitment, relocation, installation, training andresettlement expenses.31 BANKNOTE PRODUCTION SERVICESThis expense relates to costs arising from <strong>the</strong>cross-border transportation <strong>of</strong> euro banknotesbetween NCBs to meet unexpected fluctuationsin demand for banknotes. These costs are bornecentrally by <strong>the</strong> ECB.22 Staff on unpaid leave <strong>of</strong> absence are excluded. This numberincludes staff with permanent, fixed or short-term contracts and<strong>the</strong> participants in <strong>the</strong> ECB’s Graduate Programme. Staff onmaternity or long-term sick leave are also included.23 In 2007, staff numbers in this table included staff on unpaid/parental leave, while staff with short-term contracts, as wellas staff from o<strong>the</strong>r central banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ESCB with temporaryassignments with <strong>the</strong> ECB and <strong>the</strong> participants in <strong>the</strong> ECB’sGraduate Programme, were excluded. The change in <strong>the</strong>presentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> figures for <strong>2008</strong> was considered to make <strong>the</strong>mmore useful for <strong>the</strong> users <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> financial statements. The 2007figures have been adjusted accordingly.238 ECBAnnual Report<strong>2008</strong>
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EN2008EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK ANNUAL
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© European Central Bank, 2009Addre
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CHAPTER 4FINANCIAL STABILITY AND IN
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7 Statistical accounting consequenc
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ABBREVIATIONSCOUNTRIESOTHERSBE Belg
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in the course of the year, in line
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currencies, T2S will be a major ste
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CHAPTER 1ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS ANDMO
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Chart 1 ECB interest rates and mone
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Despite moderating, the annual grow
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substantial downward revisions in r
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in July, annual inflation in the OE
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As regards the Chinese economy, rea
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generally tighter financing conditi
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were recorded in December, but thes
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was driven mainly by developments i
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market tensions, particularly for l
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anking and financial system. At the
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cash flows to compensate for a redu
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quarter of 2008 and -0.1% in Decemb
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whereby investors’ uncertainty su
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September onwards, amid the great u
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Chart C Trading volumes for governm
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sponsored rescue plans were initiat
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The annual growth rate of consumer
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end of 2007. By December 2008 this
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calculated as the balance between g
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commodity prices (see Box 4). Conve
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Chart D Longer-term inflation expec
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apidly to 1.7% in December, mainly
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productivity slowed to 0.2% in the
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Table 3 Composition of real GDP gro
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Corporate investment, which had exp
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Box 5LABOUR MARKET DEVELOPMENTS IN
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Chart C Breakdown of employment gro
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Box 6DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ISSUANCE A
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Chart B Government bond yield sprea
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Box 7STATISTICAL ACCOUNTING CONSEQU
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warranted because of the need to co
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sharp depreciation of the euro was
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prices in the first eight months of
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focused more on the production rath
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segments and, in turn, affected eur
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and Bulgaria registered robust grow
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In the remaining non-euro area EU c
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Estonian kroon and the Lithuanian l
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Table 10 Official monetary policy s
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the Bank of England and Sveriges Ri
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CHAPTER 2CENTRAL BANKOPERATIONSAND
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Box 10MONETARY POLICY OPERATIONS DU
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Chart A Liquidity supply through op
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franc funding needs of banks with n
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MINIMUM RESERVE SYSTEMCredit instit
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with the ample allotments in the fi
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2008. By contrast, the average shar
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and SDR holdings increased by aroun
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and the ECB). As a result of carefu
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cross-CSD settlement. T2S will thus
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ELIGIBLE LINKS BETWEEN NATIONAL SEC
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Chart 48 Number of euro banknotes i
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3.3 BANKNOTE PRODUCTION AND ISSUANC
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4 STATISTICSThe ECB, assisted by th
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iii) payments statistics and iv) de
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5 ECONOMIC RESEARCHThe main functio
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were organised to disseminate resea
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the Financial Collateral Directive,
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on the Banque centrale du Luxembour
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standards by individual Eurosystem
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CHAPTER 3ENTRY OF SLOVAKIAINTO THE
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Table 13 Main economic indicators f
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As of January 2009 Slovakia is thus
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3 OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE INTEGR
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4 THE CASH CHANGEOVER IN SLOVAKIATH
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Willem F. Duisenberg accepting the
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1 FINANCIAL STABILITYThe Eurosystem
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With regard to merger and acquisiti
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with the principles set out in Octo
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2.2 BANKINGCAPITAL REQUIREMENTS DIR
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3 FINANCIAL INTEGRATIONThe Eurosyst
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The market for short-term paper in
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de France and the Banca d’Italia.
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and the Eurosystem’s business con
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4.2 RETAIL PAYMENT SYSTEMS ANDINSTR
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for Clearing and Settlement, and th
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Willem F. Duisenberg at his farewel
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1 EUROPEAN ISSUESIn 2008 the ECB co
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for financial institutions, to faci
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1.3 DEVELOPMENTS IN AND RELATIONS W
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On a number of occasions in 2008, t
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countries have voiced support for t
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Former Italian President Carlo Azeg
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1 ACCOUNTABILITY VIS-À-VIS THE GEN
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