The Alaska Vegetation Classification - Alaska Geobotany Center ...

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Figure 47-@en low willow shrub with Salixbrachycarpa, Salix lanara subsp. richardsonii,and S.planifolia subsp. pulchra with a subshrublayer of Oryas ocroperala on glacial moraine inthe Alaska Range in interior Alaska.Distribution and site characteristics-Open low willow communities are found onterraces, bluffs, dune complexes, and moist uplands in northern Alaska and on moistslopes near treeline in interior and south-central Alaska. Salix glauca tends to occuron moist to dry sites and S. lanata and S. planifolia on moist to wet sites. Dryas spp.in the understory generally indicates dry sites, and Petasites frigidus indicates wetsites. Soils include dune sands and, more commonly, organic-rich silts, often withintermixed sand and gravel. Higher, more windswept sites generally have lessorganic matter and more rock fragments than lower, moister sites. The silty soilsare generally somewhat acid, with a single measured pH value (from south-centralAlaska) of 5.1 to 5.3. Frost scars are abundant in many stands. Microrelief features,such as hummocks and solifluction lobes, are also common at many of the moistersites. Permafrost is probably present at most sites. Depth to permafrost has not beenmeasured but is probably from 30 to 100 centimeters (12 to 40 in).Successlonal status-Several diverse communities are included in this unit, eachwith different successional relations, which are mostly unknown. Many communitiesmay be fairly stable. Some stands on moist slopes grade upward into mesic shrubbirch-ericaceous shrub communities as the soil becomes dry on windblown sites athigh elevations (Brock and Burke 1980).Closely related types-Open low willow communities are similar to willow-sedgetundra and willow-graminoid bog, except that graminoids are not important in theunderstory and the communities are not generally tundralike (the willows are tallerwith erect shrub physiognomy, or the sites are not located in tundra areas) or boglike(they lack hydrophytic sedges and Sphagnumspp.). They also are similar to openlow birch-willow and alder-willow communities, but shrub birch and alder are unimportantin them. They are similar to open tall willow and closed low willow, buthave canopies less than 1.5 meters (5 ft) tall (or less than 25 percent cover of shrubstaller than that height) and open shrub canopies (less than 75 percent shrub cover),respectively.Photographs-Figure 47, this publication.Primary references-Brock and Burke 1980, Hanson 1958, Jorgenson 1984,Komarkova and Webber 1978, Webber and others 1978.
Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaphylos rubra-Vaccinium uliginosum-Arcfagrosfislatifolia (Hettinger and Janz 1974). Salix glauca/Dryas octopefala-Betula nana(Hettinger and Janz 1974). SalixglaucaPetasites frigidus (Churchill 1955). Salkglauca/Dryas ocfopetala (Webber and others 1978). Salix glauca/S. reticulafa-Carexpodocarpa-Artemisia arcfica (Scott 1974a). Salix glauca/Arctostaphylos rubra-Dryasoctopetala-Salix reticulafa-Oxytropis deflexa (Scott 1974a). Salix glauca-S. planifolia-S. lanafa/€quisefurn awense (Craighead and others 1988). Salix lanata-S. glauca/Dryas integrifolia (Komarkova and Webber 1978). Salix lanafaEquisefurn awense(Craighead and others 1988, Webber and others 1978). Salix planifolidS. rotundifolia-S. phlebophylla-Pefasifes frigidus-Poa arcfica-Luzula confusa (Clebsch 1957). Salixplanifolia-S. lanafa/Calarnagrosfis canadensis (Craighead and others 1988). Salixplanifolia-S. lanata-Myrica gale/Calamagrostis canadensis (Craighead and others1988). Salixglauca/Arctostaphylos alpina (Webber and others 1978). Salix glauca/Hylocorniurn splendens (Jorgenson 1984). Salix planifoliaPefasifes frigidus-Sphagnum spp. (Jorgenson 1984). Salix planifolialBetula glandulosa-Vacciniumuliginosurn (Brock and Burke 1980).ll.C.2.h. Open Low Willow-Sedge Shrub TundraDescription-These communities have 25 to 75 percent cover of shrubs, primarilywillows, at least 20 centimeters (8 in) high (fig. 48). Shrubs taller than 1.5 meters(5 11) provide less than 25 percent cover and tree canopy cover is less than 10 percent.Salix planifolia or S. lanafa most commonly dominate these communities.These often are quite low, 20 to 50 centimeters (8 to 20 in) tall. Carex aquatilistypically dominates the understory, though other sedges, such as C. vaginafa andC. bigelowii, are sometimes dominant. Other vascular plants commonly presentinclude Salix arch and S. reticulata. Nonsphagnaceous mosses, commonly includingTomenfhypnurn nitens, Disfichiurn capillaceum, Drepanocladus spp., andCampyliurn sfellaturn, often are abundant. Lichens are scarce.Distribution and site characteristics-Willow-sedge tundra occurs on terraces,pond margins, streambanks, low-center polygons, drained lake basins, and sometimesstrangmoor strang in northern and western Alaska. It also may occur on moistalpine slopes in interior Alaska but has not been reported from there. Soils arepoorly drained, usually more poorly drained than shrub-tussock tundra. Permafrostis present; reported active layer thicknesses range from 60 to 75 centimeters (24 to30 in), but some northern stands may have permafrost at shallower depths.Figure 484pen low willow sedge-shrubtundra with Salixplanibl!a subsp. pulchraand scattered Beiula nana and Carex spp.between the shrub clumps in arctic Alaska.139
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
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mn15
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FQ221
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n aa25
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mP35
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.I44
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Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
Page 91 and 92: Occasionally, small stands of balsa
Page 93 and 94: Mature birch can survive low-intens
Page 95 and 96: Distribution and Site characteristl
Page 97 and 98: Distributlon and site characteristi
Page 99 and 100: Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
Page 101 and 102: I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
Page 103 and 104: stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
Page 105 and 106: 1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
Page 107 and 108: Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
Page 109 and 110: I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
Page 111 and 112: Distribution and site characteristi
Page 113 and 114: Closely related types-Closed subalp
Page 115 and 116: ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
Page 117 and 118: Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
Page 119 and 120: hummocky substrate and usually are
Page 121 and 122: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 123 and 124: Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
Page 125 and 126: ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
Page 129 and 130: Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
Page 131 and 132: Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
Page 135 and 136: Successlonal status-Many of these c
Page 137 and 138: Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
Page 139 and 140: generally also have an abundance of
Page 141: Successional status-Communities on
Page 145 and 146: Primary references-Hogan and Tande
Page 149 and 150: Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
Page 151 and 152: Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
Page 153 and 154: ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
Page 155 and 156: Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
Page 157 and 158: Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
Page 159 and 160: ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
Page 161 and 162: 1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
Page 163 and 164: Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
Page 165 and 166: ' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
Page 167 and 168: Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
Page 169 and 170: (Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
Page 171 and 172: Successional status-In southwestern
Page 173 and 174: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 177 and 178: Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
Page 181 and 182: Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
Page 187 and 188: Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
Page 189 and 190: Closely related types-Halophytic gr
Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
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Closely related types-These communi
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The sites themselves are covered wi
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Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
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Closely related types-These communi
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Closely related types-Herb wet mead
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Closely related types-Halophytic he
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III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
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lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
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lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
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Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
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Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
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Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
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ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
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Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
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Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
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Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
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Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
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Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
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Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
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Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
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Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
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Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
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Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
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Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
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Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
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Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
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Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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Table &--List of scientific and com
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Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
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Table >Listof scientific and common
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
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Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
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Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
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Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
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Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
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Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
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Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
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Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
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Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
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~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
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Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
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