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II.D.1.b. Dryas-Sedge Dwarf ShNb TundraDescrlptlon-These communities are dominated by Dryas spp. and also have astrong sedge component. Carex scirpoidea, C. misandfa, C. bigelowii, Kobresiamyosuroides, and several other sedges can be codominant with the dryas. Otherdwarf shrubs, such as Salix reticulafa and Arcfostaphylosspp., may be common.Grasses and broad-leaved herbs may be scattered (for example, Hierochloe alpina,Hedysarum spp., Saxifraga spp.). Mosses, commonly Tomenthypnum nifens,Rhyfidium rugosum, and Hylocomium splendens, are common as are fruticoselichens such as Cladonia spp. and Cetraria spp. The dryas, associated shrubs, andmosses form a mat a few centimeters thick through which the sedges and otherherbs, if present, grow to heights of 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 in). Trees areabsent, and shrubs tailer than 20 centimeters (8 in) are absent or provide less than25 percent cover. Shrub species that normally grow taller than 20 centimeters (8 in)(such as Betula glandulosa, 6. nana, Salix glauca, and S. brachycarpa) are absent orprovide less than 20 percent cover. Total plant cover ranges from open to completebut often is greater than 75 percent.Distribution and site characteristics-Dryas-sedge dwarf shrub tundra wmmunitiesare common on alpine sites throughout the northern two-thirds of the State.They occupy well-drained soils that are usually not quite as exposed and windsweptas those supporting dryas tundra communities. The permafrost table is at least50 centimeters (20 in) below the surface and usually much deeper.Successional status-Successional relations are unknown. Most of these communitiesprobably are stable and change slowly with time.Closely related types-Dryas-sedge tundra is similar to dryas tundra but has moresedges. It also is similar to dryas-lichen tundra, but sedges are more important thanlichens. It is similar to sedge-dryas (herbaceous) tundra but has more than 25 percentshrub cover, primarily dryas. Some stands may be similar to some of the dwarfericaceous scrub tundra types or dwarf willow scrub tundra types, but ericaceousshrubs and willows are less important or absent entirely. Some stands may evenresemble some mesic shrub birch-ericaceous shrub communities but lack a shrubbirch component and have only minor quantities of ericaceous shrubs.Primary references-Drew and Shanks 1965, Gjaerevoll 1954, Viereck 1963.Communities-Dryas ocfopefala-Carex scirpoidea (Gjaerevoll 1954). Dryasoctopetala-Kobresia myosuroides (Drew and Shanks 1965, Hanson 1951, Johnsonand others 1966, Spetzman 1959). Dryas ocfopefala-Kobresia simpliciuscula(Gjaerevoll 1954). Dryas ocfopefala-Vaccinium vitis-idaealuzula spp.-Carexmisandfa (Childs 1969). Dryas ocfopetala-Carex franklinii (Gjaerevoll 1954).Dryas octopefala-Salix arcfica-Carex bigelowii-mosses (Anderson 1974). Dryasintegrifolia-Salk reticulafa-Carex scirpoidea (Batten 1977, Drew and Shanks 1965,Hanson 1953, Hettinger and Janz 1974). Dryas infegrifolia-Carex misandfa-Rhyfidium148
ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). Dryas octopetala-Carex microchaeta (Webberand others 1978). Dryas octopefala-Carex misandfa-C. bigelowii (Hanson 1951).Dryas octopefala-Carex glacialis (Gjaerevoll 1954). Dryas octopefala-Carexnardina-C. vaginafa-lichens (George and others 1977). Dryas infegrifolia-Carexscirpoidea-Kobresia simpliciuscula (Koranda 1960). Dryas octopetala-Salixreticulata-Carex bigelowii(Hanson 1950, Viereck 1963). Dryas octopefala-Salixfeficulafa-Carex podocarpa (Scott 1974a). Dryas integrifolia-Carex scirpoidea(Drew and Shanks 1965, Hettinger and Janz 1974). Dryas infegrifolia-Carexbigelowii (Craighead and others 1988, Jorgenson 1984). Dryas integrifolia-Oxvrropisnigrescens-Carex rupestris (Koranda 1960, Webber and Walker 1975). Dryasintegrifolia-Carexspp. (Craighead and others 1988). Dryas integrifolia-Eriophorumscheuchzeri-Tomenthypnum nitens (Jorgenson 1984).1I.D.T.c. Dryas-Lichen Dwarf Shrub TundraDescription-These communities are codominated by dryas and fruticoselichens (fig. 54). Common lichens include Alecforia spp., Cetraria spp. (especiallyC. cucullafa), Cladina spp., and Thamnolia vermicularis. Mosses, includingTomenthypnum nitens, Rhacomitrium spp. and Polytrichum spp., may grow intertwinedwith the dryas mat. Dwarf shrubs other than dryas may be present, commonlySalix reticulata, s. phlebophylla, Empefrum nigrum, Arctostaphylos spp., and otherericaceous shrubs. Graminoids such as Fesfuca spp., Hierochloe; a$ina, and Carexspp. may be present. Broad-leaved herbs, including Oxyfropis nigrescens, Minuarfiaspp. and Saxifraga spp., may be common. Trees are absent and shrubs taller than20 centimeters (8 in) (as well as shrub species normally growing taller than 20 centimeters[8 in], such as Betula spp., Salix glauca, and S. brachycarpa) are absent orprovide less than 25 percent cover. Plant cover ranges from 2 to 100 percent. Asubstantial amount of the total cover is contributed by fruticose lichens.Figure 54-Dryas-lichen tundra with scattered mats ofDryas ocloperaia, a wide variety of other subshrubs andherbs, including Oxyiropis nigrescens, Minuania arcria,Silene acaulis, Geum giaciaie. and Porenrilla biflora; andan open cover of lichens, especially Alecroria spp.,Cetraria spp., and Cladonia spp. in arctic Alaska149
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
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mn15
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FQ221
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n aa25
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mP35
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.I44
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Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
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Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
Page 101 and 102: I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
Page 103 and 104: stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
Page 105 and 106: 1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
Page 107 and 108: Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
Page 109 and 110: I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
Page 111 and 112: Distribution and site characteristi
Page 113 and 114: Closely related types-Closed subalp
Page 115 and 116: ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
Page 117 and 118: Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
Page 119 and 120: hummocky substrate and usually are
Page 121 and 122: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 123 and 124: Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
Page 125 and 126: ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
Page 129 and 130: Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
Page 131 and 132: Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
Page 135 and 136: Successlonal status-Many of these c
Page 137 and 138: Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
Page 139 and 140: generally also have an abundance of
Page 141 and 142: Successional status-Communities on
Page 143 and 144: Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
Page 145 and 146: Primary references-Hogan and Tande
Page 149 and 150: Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
Page 151: Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
Page 155 and 156: Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
Page 157 and 158: Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
Page 159 and 160: ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
Page 161 and 162: 1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
Page 163 and 164: Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
Page 165 and 166: ' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
Page 167 and 168: Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
Page 169 and 170: (Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
Page 171 and 172: Successional status-In southwestern
Page 173 and 174: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 177 and 178: Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
Page 181 and 182: Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
Page 187 and 188: Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
Page 189 and 190: Closely related types-Halophytic gr
Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
Page 193 and 194: Closely related types-These communi
Page 195 and 196: The sites themselves are covered wi
Page 197 and 198: Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
Page 199 and 200: Closely related types-These communi
Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
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Closely related types-Halophytic he
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III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
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lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
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lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
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Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
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Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
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Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
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ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
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Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
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Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
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Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
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Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
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Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
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Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
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Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
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Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
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Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
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Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
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Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
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Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
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Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
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Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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Table &--List of scientific and com
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Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
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Table >Listof scientific and common
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
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Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
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Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
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Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
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Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
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Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
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Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
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Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
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Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
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~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
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Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
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