The Alaska Vegetation Classification - Alaska Geobotany Center ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Successlonal status-Successional relations are unknown to us.Closely related types-These communities are quite distinctive. Rarely, Fucuscommunities will border on and intergrade with halophytic herb communities ongravels near river mouths, but even then they usually are distinct.Photographs-Lebednik and Palmisano 1977, several figures; figure 81, thispublication.Primary references-Batten and others 1978, Lebednik and Palrnisano 1977.CommunItles-Many communities occur, but a review of marine ecological literatureis beyond the scope of this vegetation classification, which is terrestrially oriented.Species of Fucus, Gigarfina, Porphyra, and Ulva are important along Alaska coasts(Batten and others 1978, Druehl 1970, Palmer 1942, Stevens 1965).AcknowledgmentsIt is impossible to acknowledge everyone who contributed to the Alaska vegetationclassification over the 15 years of its development. A few individuals and agenciesthat significantly influenced or encouraged our work should be mentioned, though.Agencies and programs that contributed direct funding to the project include theBureau of Land Management, the National Park Service. U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, and the US. Man and theBiosphere Program (MAB). William Gabriel (retired), Bureau of Land Management,gave us considerable support over the years through his organization of variousvegetation committees and working groups and his suggestions and encouragementduring the many revisions of the classification. Merlin Wibbenmeyer, AlaskaDepartment of Natural Resources, was untiring in his efforts to coordinate the agencyfunding of the classification efforts during the late 1970s and early 1980s; he alsohas served on our publication committee for the last 5 years. Linda Schandelmeierwas responsible for compiling the extensive bibliography that formed the basisfor the classification and that is presented at the end of this publication. KennethWinterberger, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Anchorage, provided us with the pairedaerial and ground plot photographs and reviewed several sections of the manuscript.Sage Patton and Joanna Roth, Institute of Northern Forestry, Fairbanks, were helpfulin several aspects of bibliography and manuscript preparation. Richard Driscoll(retired), USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, encouragedus to develop an Alaska classification separate from the national classification beingdeveloped at Fort Collins and was helpful in our efforts to coordinate our systemwith the national system. Finally, we thank the committee that reviewed and offeredsuggestions for revisions to the classification. Members of this committee were DavidMurray, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Peter Scotup, University of Alaska, Palmer;Jon Martin, USDA Forest Sewice, Sitka; Page Spencer, Bureau of Land Management,Anchorage; Stephen Talbot, US. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage; andMerlin Wibbenmeyer, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Anchorage.
ReferencesWhile preparing the Alaska vegetation classification, we compiled a complete bibliographyof published and unpublished papers and reports related to all aspects ofvegetation classification, inventory, and mapping in Alaska. The list of 480 citationsincludes all references cited in this publication and the papers and unpublishedmaterial that we were able to locate and review. We have an additional list of about100 citations, not included here, that we have not been able to locate and review.Acevedo, William; Walker, Donald; Gaydos, Leonard; Wray, James. 1982. Vegetation andland cover: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Plain, Alaska. Misc. Investigations SeriesMap 1-1443. Reston, VA: Department of the Interior, U.S. Geolgoical Survey. 1: 250,000.Ager, T.A.; Ager, L.P. 1980. Ethnology of the Eskimos of Nelson Island. Alaska. ArcticAnthropology. t7(1): 27-48.Alaback, P.B. 1980a. Biomass and primary productivity of understory vegetation in the Sitkaspruce-western hemlock forests of southeast Alaska. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range ExperimentStation; final report. 53 p.Alaback, Paul B. 1980b. Proposed provisional plant community types of southeastern Alaska.14 p. Unpublished report. On file with: Institute of Northern Forestry, 308 Tanana Drive,Fairbanks, AK 99775.Alaback, Paul B. 1982a. Dynamics of understory biomass in Sitka spruce-western hemlockforests of southeast Alaska. Ecology. 63(6): 1932-1948.Alaback, Paul B. 1982b. Forest community structural changes during secondary successionin southeast Alaska. In: Means, Joseph E., ed. Forest succession and stand developmentresearch in the Northwest: Proceedings of the symposium; 1981 March 26; Corvallis, OR.Corvallis. OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory: 70-79.Alaback, Paul B. 1984. Piant succession following logging in the Sitka spruce-western hemlockforests of southeast Alaska: implications for management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTF-173.Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest andRange Experiment Station. 25 p.Alaska Planning Group, US. Department of Agrlculture. 1974. Proposed Porcupine NationalForest, Alaska. Final Environmental Statement. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisherunknown]. 672 p.Alaska Plannlng Group, U.S. Department of the Interlor. 1974a. Proposed AniakchakCaldera National Monument, Alaska. Final environmental statement. [Place of publicationunknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 547 p.Alaska Plannlng Group, US. Department of the Interior. 1974b. Proposed Arctic NationalWildlife Refuge Alaska. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]. 668 p.Alaska Planning Group, US. Department of the Interior. 1974c. Proposed Beaver CreekNational Wild River Alaska. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]. 400 p.Alaska Planning Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 1974d. Proposed Chukchi lmurukNational Reserve, Alaska. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]. 763 p.Alaska Planning Group, U.S. Department of the Interlor. 1974e. Proposed FortymileNational Wild and Scenic River, Alaska. Final environmental statement. [Place of publicationunknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 422 p.213
Page 1 and 2:
~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
Page 3 and 4:
AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
Page 5 and 6:
IntroductionThe first draft of this
Page 7 and 8:
General Descriptionof theClassifica
Page 9 and 10:
Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
Page 11 and 12:
Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
Page 15 and 16:
Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
Page 17 and 18:
II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
Page 19:
mn15
Page 25:
FQ221
Page 29:
n aa25
Page 39:
mP35
Page 48:
.I44
Page 59 and 60:
Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
Page 61 and 62:
Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
Page 63 and 64:
LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
Page 67 and 68:
Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
Page 69 and 70:
Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
Page 71 and 72:
LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
Page 73 and 74:
A lower well-developed shrub layer
Page 75 and 76:
A layer of herbs and ferns provides
Page 77 and 78:
Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
Page 81 and 82:
1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
Page 83 and 84:
A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
Page 85 and 86:
and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
Page 87 and 88:
A well-developed tall shrub layer,
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
Page 91 and 92:
Occasionally, small stands of balsa
Page 93 and 94:
Mature birch can survive low-intens
Page 95 and 96:
Distribution and Site characteristl
Page 97 and 98:
Distributlon and site characteristi
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
Page 101 and 102:
I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
Page 103 and 104:
stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
Page 105 and 106:
1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
Page 109 and 110:
I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
Page 111 and 112:
Distribution and site characteristi
Page 113 and 114:
Closely related types-Closed subalp
Page 115 and 116:
ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
Page 119 and 120:
hummocky substrate and usually are
Page 121 and 122:
Primary references-Batten and other
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
Page 125 and 126:
ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
Page 131 and 132:
Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Successlonal status-Many of these c
Page 137 and 138:
Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
Page 139 and 140:
generally also have an abundance of
Page 141 and 142:
Successional status-Communities on
Page 143 and 144:
Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
Page 145 and 146:
Primary references-Hogan and Tande
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
Page 153 and 154:
ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
Page 155 and 156:
Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
Page 157 and 158:
Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
Page 159 and 160:
ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
Page 161 and 162:
1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
Page 163 and 164:
Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
Page 165 and 166: ' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
Page 167 and 168: Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
Page 169 and 170: (Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
Page 171 and 172: Successional status-In southwestern
Page 173 and 174: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 177 and 178: Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
Page 181 and 182: Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
Page 183 and 184: Distribution and site characteristi
Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
Page 187 and 188: Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
Page 189 and 190: Closely related types-Halophytic gr
Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
Page 193 and 194: Closely related types-These communi
Page 195 and 196: The sites themselves are covered wi
Page 197 and 198: Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
Page 199 and 200: Closely related types-These communi
Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
Page 203 and 204: Closely related types-Halophytic he
Page 205 and 206: III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
Page 207 and 208: lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
Page 215: Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
Page 219 and 220: Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
Page 221 and 222: Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
Page 223 and 224: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
Page 225 and 226: Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
Page 229 and 230: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
Page 231 and 232: Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
Page 233 and 234: Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
Page 235 and 236: Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
Page 237 and 238: Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
Page 239 and 240: Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
Page 241 and 242: Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
Page 243 and 244: Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
Page 245 and 246: Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
Page 247 and 248: Table %Listof scientific and common
Page 249 and 250: Table &--List of scientific and com
Page 251 and 252: Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
Page 253 and 254: Table >Listof scientific and common
Page 255 and 256: Table %Listof scientific and common
Page 257 and 258: ~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
Page 259 and 260: Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
Page 261 and 262: Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
Page 263 and 264: Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
Page 265 and 266: Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
Page 267 and 268:
Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
Page 269 and 270:
Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
Page 271 and 272:
Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
Page 273 and 274:
Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
Page 275 and 276:
Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
Page 277 and 278:
Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
Page 279 and 280:
Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
Page 281 and 282:
~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
Page 283 and 284:
Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
show all

The Alaska Vegetation Classification - Alaska Geobotany Center ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?