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Eriophorum scheuchzeri/Drepanocladus revolvens (Jorgenson 1984). Carexaquatilis-Eriophorum angustifolium (Batten 1977; Bergman and others 1977; Childs1969; Craighead and others 1988; Hopkins and Sigafoos 1951; Porter 1966; Racine1977, 1978a. 1978b; Spetzman 1959). Carex aquatilis-Eriophorum angustifoliudDrepanocladus lycopodioides (Webber and Walker 1975, Webber and others 1978).Carex aquatilis-Eriophorum angustifolium/Rhytidium rugosum (Johnson and others1966). Carex aquatilis-Eriophorum augusfifolium/Scorpidium scorpioides (Neiland andHok 1975, Webber and Walker 1975). Carex aquatilis-Eriophorum angustifoliudSphagnumspp. (Bos 1967, Johnson and others 1966). Carex aquatilis-Eriophorumangustifolium-carex rotundafa (Hanson 1953, Jorgenson 1984). Carex aquatilis-Eriophorum angusfifolium-E. russeolum (Murray 1974; Racine 1978a, 1978b). Carexaquatilis-Eriophorum angustifolium-E scheuchzeri (Jorgenson 1984, Koranda 1960,Pegau 1968). Carex aquafilis (Bergman and others 1977; Britton 1967; Churchill1955; Clebsch 1957; Craighead and others 1988; Dennis 1968; Fries 1977; Georgeand others 1977; Kessel and Schaller 1960; Komarkova and Webber 1978; Koranda1960; Meyers 1985; Murray 1974; Pegau 1972; Peterson and Billings 1978; Racine1976,1978a. 1978b; Racine and Anderson 1979; Spetzman 1959; Webber 1978;White and others 1975; Young 1971). Carex aquafilis/Scorpidium scorpioides (Neilandand Hok 1975, Webber and Walker 1975, Webber and others 1978). Carex aquatilis/Drepanocladus spp. (Webber and others 1978). Carex aquafilis-C. rotundata (Georgeand others 1977; Hanson 1951, 1953; Webber and others 1978). Carexaquatilis-Eriophorum russeolum/Drepanocladus lycopodioides (Webber 1978). Carex aquatilis-Eriophorumscheuchzeri (Britton 1967, Webber and others 1978). Carex aquatilis-Eriophorum scheuchzeri-Carex rotundata (Jorgenson 1984). Carex aquafilis-C.chordorrhiza-C. limosa-C. microglochin-Eriophorum scheuchzeri-E. angusfifolium(Drew and Shanks 1965). Carex chordorrhiza (Batten 1977, Spetzman 1959).Eriophorumscheuchzeri(Racine 1976). Carex fariflofa (Batten 1977, Hanson 1951).Carex bigelowii-C. rarifiora-C. saxatilis (Hettinger and Janz 1974). Carex rariflora-Hippuris tetraphyildSphagnurn spp. (HultBn 1962). Carex rotundata (Brock andBurke 1980).III.A.3.b. Wet Sedge-Grass Meadow TundraDescriptlon4ommunities of this unit are dominated by sedges and grasses, orsometimes by grasses alone. Dominant sedges commonly are Carex aquatilis orEriophorum angustifolium, or sometimes both. The dominant grass usually isDupontia fischeri but sometimes is Alopecurus alpinus or other grasses (but notArctophila fulva, which is characteristic of grass marsh types). The presence ofDupontia fischerias a codominant species often is sufficient lo include a communitywith this unit. Woody plants and lichens are absent or unimportant; mosses arecommon; sphagnum occasionally is present. Cover usually is close to 100 percent.Biomass of a stand at Barrow has been reported to be 84 to 92 grams per squaremeter (750 to 820 Ib/acre) aboveground and 995 to 1,305 grams per square meter(8,875 to 11,640 Ib/acre) belowground, with total vascular plant production of 45 to52 grams per square meter per year (400 to 460 Ib/acre) (Webber 1978).178r
Distribution and site characteristics-Wet sedge-grass meadow tundra communitiesthat have been reported all have been within a few kilometers of the Arcticcoast, where they occupy shallow polygon troughs, streambanks, and low wet areas.Soils range from tundra humic gleys to histosols and are wet and fine textured. Theyusually are somewhat acid, with reactions as low as pH 4.1 reported (Webber 1978),and may be flooded by up to 15 centimeters (6 in) of water much of the growingseason. Permafrost is present at shallow depths (ca. 30 to 40 centimeters [12 to16 in]).Successional status-Most wet sedge-grass meadow tundra communities probablyare fairly stable ecologically. They may replace fresh grass marsh if the water tabledrops.Closely related types-This unit differs from fresh grass marsh in that the latter iswetter and dominated by Arctophila fulva. Wet sedge meadow tundra lacks grass;wet sedge-herb meadow tundra has a substantial component of broad-leaved herbs.Mesic sedge-grass meadow tundra rarely is dominated by Carex aquatilis and neveris dominated by Eriophorum angustifolium or Dupontia fischeri.Photographs-Webber 1978, figures 5 and 66.Primary references-Webber 1978, Webber and Walker 1975.Communities-Dupontia fischeri(Britton 1967, Clebsch 1957, Dennis 1968, Meyers1985, Potter 1972, Wiggins 1951). Duponfia fischeri-Alopecurus alpinus (Bergmanand others 1977). Dupontia fischeri-Petasites frigidus (Dennis 1968). Dupontiafischeri-€riophorumangusfifolium (Brown and others 1970, Dennis 1968, Meyers1985. Webber 1978, Young 1971). Dupontia fischeri-friophorumangustifolium/Bryumspp. (Webber 1978). Duponfia fischeri-€riophorum scheuchzeri (Spetzman 1959).Eriophorum angustifolium-Carex glareosa-Deschampsia caespitosa-Dupontia fischeri-Arctagroostis latifolia (Johnson and others 1966). Carex aquatilis-Dupontia fischeri(Potter 1972, Webber and others 1978, Wiggins 1951). Carex aquatilis-Dupontiafischeri/Oncophorus wahlenbergii (Webber 1978). Carex aquatilis-Dupontia fischeri/Bryum spp. (Webber and Walker 1975, White and others 1975). Carex aquatilis-Duponfia fischeri-Carex membranacea (Koranda 1960). Eriophorum scheuchzeri-Alopecurus alpinus (Koranda 1960). Alopecurus alpinus (Britton 1967).lll.A.3.c. Wet Sedge-Herb Meadow TundraDescription-These communities are dominated by sedges and broad-leaved herbs(forbs). Carex aquatilis is often the dominant sedge, but several other carices maydominate in certain settings. Several herbs may share dominance; some of the mostcommon are Menyanthes frifoliata, Petasites frigidus, and Potentilla palustris. Insoutheast Alaska, Fauria crista-gall; may be the codominant herb. Woody plantsand lichens are absent or rare. Mosses may be present or absent, but sphagnum isabsent or at least unreported from these communities. Plant cover is usually open oreven sparse.179
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
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mn15
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FQ221
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n aa25
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mP35
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.I44
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Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
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Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
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I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
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stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
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1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
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Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
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I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
Page 131 and 132: Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
Page 133 and 134: Distribution and site characteristi
Page 135 and 136: Successlonal status-Many of these c
Page 137 and 138: Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
Page 139 and 140: generally also have an abundance of
Page 141 and 142: Successional status-Communities on
Page 143 and 144: Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
Page 145 and 146: Primary references-Hogan and Tande
Page 147 and 148: Distribution and site characteristi
Page 149 and 150: Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
Page 151 and 152: Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
Page 153 and 154: ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
Page 155 and 156: Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
Page 157 and 158: Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
Page 159 and 160: ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
Page 161 and 162: 1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
Page 163 and 164: Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
Page 165 and 166: ' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
Page 167 and 168: Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
Page 169 and 170: (Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
Page 171 and 172: Successional status-In southwestern
Page 173 and 174: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 177 and 178: Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
Page 181: Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
Page 187 and 188: Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
Page 189 and 190: Closely related types-Halophytic gr
Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
Page 193 and 194: Closely related types-These communi
Page 195 and 196: The sites themselves are covered wi
Page 197 and 198: Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
Page 199 and 200: Closely related types-These communi
Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
Page 203 and 204: Closely related types-Halophytic he
Page 205 and 206: III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
Page 207 and 208: lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
Page 215 and 216: Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
Page 217 and 218: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
Page 219 and 220: Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
Page 221 and 222: Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
Page 223 and 224: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
Page 225 and 226: Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
Page 229 and 230: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
Page 231 and 232: Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
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Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
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Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
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Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
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Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
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Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
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Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
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Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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Table &--List of scientific and com
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Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
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Table >Listof scientific and common
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
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Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
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Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
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Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
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Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
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Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
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Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
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Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
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Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
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~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
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Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
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