Batten, Alan R. 1980. A proposed classification framework for <strong>Alaska</strong>n wetland and aquaticvegetation. Final Rep. 135 p. Unpublished report. On file with: Institute of Northern Forestry,308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775.Batten, Alan R.; Murphy, Stephen; Murray, David F. 1978. Definition of <strong>Alaska</strong>n coastalwetlands by floristic criteria. Cowallis, OR: Corvallis Environmental Research I aboratory;EPA 804965-01. 490 p.Batten, Alan R.; Murray, David F. 1982. A literature survey on the wetland vegetation of<strong>Alaska</strong>. Fairbanks, AK: Institute of Arctic Biology and Museum, University of <strong>Alaska</strong>; Tech.Rep. Y-82-2; contract DACW39-76-M-2473. 222 p. Prepared for: Office, Chief of Engineers,US. Army, Washington, DC.Batten, Alan R.; Murray, David F.; Dawe, Janice C. 1979. Threatened and endangeredplants in selected areas of the ELM Fortymile Planning Unit, <strong>Alaska</strong>. BLM-<strong>Alaska</strong> Tech.Rep. 3. Anchorage, AK: US. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management,<strong>Alaska</strong> State Office. 127 p.Batten, Alan Richard. 1977. <strong>The</strong> vascular floristics, major vegetation units, and phytogeographyof the Lake Peters area, northeastern <strong>Alaska</strong>. Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>.330 p. MS. thesis.Beak, Edward W. 1966. <strong>Vegetation</strong> of the cottonwood forests of Kodiak Island. <strong>The</strong> CanadianField-Naturalist, 80: 166-171.Bergman, Robert D.; Howard, Robert L; Abraham, Kenneth F.; Weller, Milton W. 1977.Water birds and their wetland resources in relation to oil development at Stokersen Point,<strong>Alaska</strong>. Resour. Publ. 129. Washington, DC: US. Department of the Interior, Fish andWildlife Service. 38 p.Billings, W.D.; Peterson, KM. 1980. <strong>Vegetation</strong> change and ice-wedge polygons through thethaw-lake cycle in arctic <strong>Alaska</strong>. Arctic and Alpine Research 12(4): 413-432.Bliss, L.C. 1975. Tundra grasslands, herblands, and shrublands and the role of herbivores.Geoscience and Man. IO: 51-79.Bllss, L.C.; Cantlon, J.E. 1957. Succession on river alluvium in northern <strong>Alaska</strong>. AmericanMidland Naturalist. 52: 452-469.Bllss, Lawrence C.; Gustafson, Karen M. 1981. Proposed ecological natural landmarks inthe Brooks Range, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Seattle, WA: Department of Botany, University of Washington.175 p.Bolovan, Karen. 1985. <strong>The</strong> vegetation of Nunivak Island Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge,<strong>Alaska</strong>. [Place of publication unknown]: US. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Not paged].Borchers, S.L; Wattenbarger, J.; Ament, R. 1989. Forest plant associations of MontagueIsland. Chugach National Forest: preliminary results. In: Alexander, Earl B., ed. Proceedingsof watershed '89: a conference on the stewardship of soil, air, and water resources: 1989March 21-23; Juneau, AK. Juneau, AK: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,<strong>Alaska</strong> Region: 29-46.Bos, Gregory Neil. 1967. Range types and their utilization by muskox on Nunivak Island.<strong>Alaska</strong>: a reconnaissance study. Fairbanks, AK University of <strong>Alaska</strong>. 113 p. MS. thesis.Breckon, Gary J.; Barbour, Michael G. 1974. Review of North American Pacific Coast beachvegetation. Madrono. 22: 333-360.Britton, Max E. 1967. <strong>Vegetation</strong> of the arctic tundra. In: Hansen, Henry P., ed. Arctic biology.Cowallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 67-130.21 6
Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980. <strong>Vegetation</strong>. In: Farquhar. N.; Schubert. J., eds. RayMountains, central <strong>Alaska</strong>: environmental analysis and resources statement. Middlebury,VT: Middlebury College. Northern Studies Program: 147-202.Brown, Davld E.; Lowe, Charles H.; Pase, Charles P. 1980a. A digitized systematic classificationfor ecosystems with an illustrated summary of the natural vegetation of NorthAmerica. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-73. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 93 p.Brown, J.; Everen, K.R.; Webber, P.J. [and others] 1980b. <strong>The</strong> coastal tundra at Barrow.In: Brown. Jerry; Miller, Philip C.; Tieszen, Larry L.; Bunnell. Fred L.. eds. An arctic ecosystem:the coastal tundra at Barrow. <strong>Alaska</strong>. US/IBP Synthesis Series 12. Stroudsburg,PA: Dowden. Hutchinson and Ross, Inc.: 1-29.Brown, J.; Pitelka, F.A.; Coulombe, H.N. 1970. Section I-A: a word model of the Barrowecosystem. In: Fuiler, W.A.; Kevan, P.G., eds. Proceedings, conference on produdivity andconservation in northern circumpolar lands; 1969 October 15-17; Edmonton, AB. IUCN Pub.New Series 16. Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources: 41-43,Brown, Jerry, ed. 1975. Ecological and limnological reconnaissances from Prudhoe Bayinto the Brooks Range, <strong>Alaska</strong>-summer 1985. Hanover, NH: US. Army Cold RegionsResearch and Engineerlng Laboratory. 65 p.Brown, Jerry; Berg, Rlchard L, eds. 1980. Environmental engineering and ecologicalbaseline investigations along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. CRREL Rep.80-19. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research andEngineering Laboratory. 187 p.Brown, Jerry; Miller, Philip C.; Tleszen, Larry L.; Bunnell, Fred L, eds. 198Oc. An arcticecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow. <strong>Alaska</strong>. US/IBP Synthesis Series 12. Stroudsburg,PA: Dowden. Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. 571 p.Buckley, John L.; Llbby, Wllbur L. 1957. Research and reports on aerial interpretation ofterrestrial bioenvironments and faunal populations. Tech. Rep. 57-32. Fairbanks, AK:<strong>Alaska</strong> Air Command. Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory. Ladd Air Force Base. 105 p.Buckley, John L.; Llbby, Wllbur L 1959. <strong>The</strong> distribution in <strong>Alaska</strong> of plant and animallife available for survival. Tech. Rep. 58-10. Fairbanks, AK: <strong>Alaska</strong> Air Command. ArcticAeromedical Laboratory. Ladd Air Force Base. 43 p.Burns, John J. 1964. Pingos in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. <strong>Alaska</strong>: their plant successionand use by mink. Arctic. 17(3): 203-210.Byrd, G. Vernon. 1984. Vascular vegetation of Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, <strong>Alaska</strong>,compared to another Aleutian Island. Arctic. 37(1): 37-48.Byrd, G. Vernon; Dlvoky, George J.; Bailey, Edgar P. 1980. Changes in marine bird andmammal populations on an active volcano in <strong>Alaska</strong>. <strong>The</strong> Murrelet. 61: 50-62.Byrd, G. Vernon; Ronsse, Dennis. 1983. Preliminary classification of plant communities inthe vegetated intertidal zone of the central Yukon Delta. <strong>Alaska</strong>. Bethel, AK: YukonDelta NWR. 18 p. Unpublished manuscript. On file with: Institute of Northern Forestry,308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775.Byrd, G. Vernon; Woolington, Dennis W. 1977. Breeding biology, habitat utilization, andpopulation structure of Aleutian Canada geese. Draft. 140 p. Unpublished report. On filewith: Institute of Northern Forestry, 308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775.Cahalane, Vlctor H. 1959. A biological survey of Katmai National Monument. SmithsonianMisc. Coll. Vol. 138. NO. 5, Publ. 4376. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 246 p.21 7
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
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mn15
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FQ221
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n aa25
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mP35
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.I44
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Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
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Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
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I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
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stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
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1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
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Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
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I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
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Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Successlonal status-Many of these c
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Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
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generally also have an abundance of
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Successional status-Communities on
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Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
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Primary references-Hogan and Tande
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
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Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
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ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
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Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
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Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
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ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
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1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
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Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
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' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
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Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
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- Page 171 and 172: Successional status-In southwestern
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- Page 177 and 178: Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
- Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
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- Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
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- Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
- Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
- Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
- Page 215 and 216: Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
- Page 217 and 218: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
- Page 219: Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
- Page 223 and 224: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
- Page 225 and 226: Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
- Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
- Page 229 and 230: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
- Page 231 and 232: Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
- Page 233 and 234: Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
- Page 235 and 236: Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
- Page 237 and 238: Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
- Page 239 and 240: Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
- Page 241 and 242: Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
- Page 243 and 244: Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
- Page 245 and 246: Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
- Page 247 and 248: Table %Listof scientific and common
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Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
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Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
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~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
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Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten