<strong>Alaska</strong> Planning Group, U.S. Department of the Interlor. 19741. Proposed Harding Icefield-Kenai Fjords National Monument, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publicationunknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 618 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Planning Group, US. Department of the Interlor. 19746. Proposed lliamna ResourceRange <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisherunknown]. 620 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Planning Group, US. Department of the Interior. 1974h. Proposed Katmai NationalPark <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisherunknown]. 652 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Plannlng Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 19741. Proposed Kobuk ValleyNational Monument, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]. 626 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Planning Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 19743. Proposed Noatak NationalArctic Range <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]. 700 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Plannlng Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 1974k. Proposed Selawik NationalWildlife Refuge. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisherunknown]. 632 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Plannlng Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 19741. Proposed WrangellMountain National Forest <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publicationunknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 713 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Plannlng Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 1974111. Proposed Wrangell-St.Elias National Park <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]. 76.4 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Plannlng Group, U.S. Department oftha Interior. 1974n. Proposed Yukon-CharleyNational Rivers, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]. 669 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Plannlng Group, US. Department of the Interior. 19740. Proposed Yukon DeltaNational Wildlife Refuge, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publicationunknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 550 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Planning Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 1974p. Proposed Yukon FlatNational Wildlife Refuge, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publicationunknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 646 p.<strong>Alaska</strong> Plannlng Group, U.S. Department of the Interior. 1974q. Proposed Yukon-Kuskokwim National Forest. <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final environmental statement. [Place of publicationunknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 673 p.Amundsen, C.C. 1972. Plant ecology of Amchitka Island: final report. Columbus. OH:Battelle. Columbus Laboratories; BMI-171-139. 27 p.Amundsen, C.C. 1977. Terrestrial plant ecology. In: Merriit. Melvin L.; Fuller, R. Glen, eds.<strong>The</strong> environment of Amchitka Island. <strong>Alaska</strong>. TID-26712. [Place of publication unknown]:Technical Information <strong>Center</strong>, Energy Research and Development Administration: 203-226.Amundsen, C.C.; Clebsch, E.E.C. 1971. Dynamics of the terrestrial ecosystem vegetationof Amchitka Island. <strong>Alaska</strong>. Bioscience. 21 (2): 619-623.Amundsen, Cllfford C. 1985. Central Aleutian tundra: ecological manifestations of maritimetundra landscapes in the central Aleutian Islands (Amchitka, Adak). <strong>Alaska</strong>. Final Rep.Knoxville, TN: Department of Botany and Graduate Program in Ecology, University ofTennessee. 77 p. [plus appendixes].214
Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology and primary production at Eagle Summit, <strong>Alaska</strong>. In:Proceedings, 1972 tundra biome symposium; 1972 July; Seanle, WA. (Place of publicationunknown]: US. Tundra Biome: 61-69.Anderson, J.H. 1974. Plants, soils, phytocenology and primary production of the EagleSummit Tundra Biome site. U.S. Tundra Biome Data Rep. 74-42. Fairbanks, AK: Universityof <strong>Alaska</strong>, institute of Arctic Biology: 1-1 to Vlll-2.Anderson, J.H. 1979. Preliminary botanical sketch of the Camp 26 and Marble MountainNunataks, lower Lleweliyn Glacier, northwestern British Columbia. Fairbanks, AK: Universityof <strong>Alaska</strong>, Institute of Arctic Biology. 13 p.Anderson, James H.; Shapiro, Lewls; Belon, Albert E. 1973. Vegetative and geologicmapping of the western Seward Peninsula, <strong>Alaska</strong>, based on ERTS-1 imagery. In: Freden.Stanley C.; Mercanti, Enrico P.: Becker, Margaret A,, mmps.. eds. Symposium onsignificant resuns obtained from the Earth resources technology satellite-I: Volume 1:Technical presentations, section A: Proceedings of a symposium: 1973 March 5-9: NewCarrollton. MD. NASA SP-327. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration. Scientific and Technical Information Office: 67-75.Andreev, V.N. 1978. Botanicheskie Nablyudeniya na Alyaske: Botanical ObSeNatiOnS on<strong>Alaska</strong>. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 63(1): 115-128.Arctlc Envlronmental lniormatlon and Data <strong>Center</strong>. 1980. An assessment of environmentaleffects of construction and operation of the proposed Tyee Lake hydroelectric project,Petersburg and Wrangell, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Anchorage, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>, Arctic Informationand Data <strong>Center</strong>. 231 p.Arctic Environmental Information and Data <strong>Center</strong>; lnstltute of Soclal, Economic,Government Research. 1974a. <strong>The</strong> Bristol Bay environment, a background study ofavailable knowledge. Anchorage, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>, Arctic Environmental Informationand Data <strong>Center</strong>; Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>, Institute of Social, Economic,Government Research. 858 p.Arctlc Envlronmental Information and Data <strong>Center</strong>; Institute of Social, Economic,Government Research. 1974b. <strong>The</strong> western Gulf of <strong>Alaska</strong>, a summary of availableknowledge. Anchorage, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>, Arctic Environmental Information andData <strong>Center</strong>: Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>, Institute of Social, Economic, GovernmentResearch. 599 p.Arctlc lnstltute of North Amerlca. 1974. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Alaska</strong>n arctic coast. a background study ofavailable knowledge. Anchorage, AK <strong>Alaska</strong> Office, Arctic institute of North Ameriia. 551 p.Balley, Edgar P. 1976. Breeding bird distribution and abundance in the Barren Islands,<strong>Alaska</strong>. <strong>The</strong> Murrelet. 57(1): 2-12.Bailey, Robert G.; mister, Robert D.; Henderson, Jan A. 1978. Nature of land and resourceclassification-a review. Journal of Forestry. 76(10): 650-655.Bank, <strong>The</strong>odore P., II. 1951. Botanical and ethnobotanical studies in the Aleutian Islands.I: Aleutian vegetation and Aleut culture. Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters37: 13-30,Bank, <strong>The</strong>odore P., II. 1953. Biological succession in the Aleutians. Pacific Science. 7:493-503.Barbour, M.G.; DeJong, T.M.; Johnson, A.F. 1975. Additions and corrections to a review ofNorth American Pacific Coast beach vegetation. Madrono. 23(3): 130-134.Batten, Alan R. 1979. Wetlands of the Kenai River corridor. 2 p. [plus maps]. Unpublishedreport. On file with: Institute of Northern Forestry, 308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775.215
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
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mn15
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FQ221
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n aa25
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mP35
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.I44
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Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
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Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
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I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
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stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
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1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
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Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
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I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
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Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Successlonal status-Many of these c
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Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
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generally also have an abundance of
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Successional status-Communities on
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Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
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Primary references-Hogan and Tande
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
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Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
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ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
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Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
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Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
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ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
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1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
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Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
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' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
- Page 167 and 168: Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
- Page 169 and 170: (Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
- Page 171 and 172: Successional status-In southwestern
- Page 173 and 174: Primary references-Batten and other
- Page 177 and 178: Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
- Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
- Page 181 and 182: Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
- Page 183 and 184: Distribution and site characteristi
- Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
- Page 187 and 188: Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
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- Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
- Page 193 and 194: Closely related types-These communi
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- Page 197 and 198: Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
- Page 199 and 200: Closely related types-These communi
- Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
- Page 203 and 204: Closely related types-Halophytic he
- Page 205 and 206: III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
- Page 207 and 208: lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
- Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
- Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
- Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
- Page 215 and 216: Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
- Page 217: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
- Page 221 and 222: Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
- Page 223 and 224: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
- Page 225 and 226: Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
- Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
- Page 229 and 230: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
- Page 231 and 232: Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
- Page 233 and 234: Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
- Page 235 and 236: Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
- Page 237 and 238: Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
- Page 239 and 240: Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
- Page 241 and 242: Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
- Page 243 and 244: Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
- Page 245 and 246: Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
- Page 247 and 248: Table %Listof scientific and common
- Page 249 and 250: Table &--List of scientific and com
- Page 251 and 252: Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
- Page 253 and 254: Table >Listof scientific and common
- Page 255 and 256: Table %Listof scientific and common
- Page 257 and 258: ~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
- Page 259 and 260: Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
- Page 261 and 262: Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
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Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
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Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
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Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
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~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
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Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten