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Figure 4-Closed needleleal forest of Sitka spruce with an understoryof Oplopanax horridus, Vaccinium spp., and mosses from ChichagofIsland in southeastern Alaska. (Photograph m unq on Manin.)A dense shrub layer averages over 70 percent cover. Dominant shrubs areOplopanax horridus, Alnus spp., Rubus spectabilis, Ribes spp., Vacciniumalaskaense, and V. ovalifolium.The herb layer is commonly dominated by the ferns Gymnocarpiumdryopferis,Dryopferis dilatafa, and Afhyrium filix-femina, and the herbs Tiareella frifoliata, Rubuspedafus, Lysichifon americanum, Calamagrosfis nufkaensis, and Sfrepfopus spp.The herb layer cover is usually only moderate, averaging 29 percent cover.PhaseMn coasts subject to salt spray, high winds, and storms, a variant growsin which the shrub layer is sparse or absent and the herb layer is dominated byCalamagrosfis nufka8nsis. Associated herb species are various but commonlyinclude Prenanfhes alata, Rubus pedafus. Gymnocarpium dryopferis, and Cornusspp. Western hemlock occurs in small quantities or is absent, and the spruce issmaller than in inland stands, averaging 50 to 63 centimeters (20 to 24 in) d.b.h.and 27 to 36 meters (80 to 11 0 ft) tall. Conifer seedlings are uncommon or absent.Distribution and site characteristics-Sitka spruce forest occurs primarily at lowelevations in southeastern Alaska where it is common on wet, well-drained alluvialfans and flood plains and along a narrow coastal strip. It is also found at midelevationson steep mountain slopes adjacent to channels, along snow avalanche paths,on slopes subject to mass-wasting, and on sites subject to annual deposits of loess.Soils are generally deep, poorly developed, and well drained, with a thin organiclayer on the surface.Successional status-Soil disturbance caused by flooding, salt spray, and avalanchingseems to be the primary environmental factors allowing the spruce andshrub species, such as Oplopanax horridus, to maintain dominance on these sites.These communities seem to represent stable late-seral or climax units.Closely related types-Closed Sitka spruce communities are similar to closedspruce-hemlock forests but have less hemlock. They also are similar to open Sitkaspruce communities but have more trees and less understory diversity.Photographs-Figure 4, this publication.Primary reference-Martin and others 1985.56
Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopanax horridus-Rubus spectabi/is/Gornuscanadensis (Alaback 1980b, Neiland 1971a, Martin and others 1985, Stephens andothers 1969). Picea sitchensis/Oplopanax horridus/Lysichiton americanum (Martinand others 1985). Picea sitchensis/Oplopanax horridus/Circaea alpina (Pawuk andKissinger 1989). Picea sifchensis/Calamagrosfis nufkaensis (Martin and others 1985).LA. 1.b. Closed Western Hemlock ForestDescription-These communities are dominated by western hemlock in the overstory(fig. 5). Sitka spruce may be present but provides less than 25 percent (usuallymuch less) of the overstoty cover. Total overstory canopy cover ranges from 60 to100 percent. Other conifer species are uncommon. Mature trees range from 37 to75 centimeters (14 to 30 in) d.b.h. and are about 24 to 36 meters (70 to 110 ft) tall.The shrub layer is dominated by some combination of Vaccinium alaskaense/ovalifolium, Oplopanax horridus, and Menziesia ferruginea. The shrub layer isgenerally 1 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 fi) tall. Common ferns and herbs includeGymnocarpium dryopferis, Dryopteris dilafata, Athyrium filix-femina. fiarellafrifoliata, Cornus spp., Sfreptopus spp., and Rubus pedatus.Distribution and site characteristics-Western hemlock communities are widespreadin southeastern Alaska where they occur from lowlands to the subalpine onseveral landforms including inactive alluvial fans and flood plains, footslopes, andsteep mountain slopes. Soils usually are deep and well drained with a thin (10 to15 centimeters [4 to 6 in]) forest floor layer.Successional status-These communities are usually stable (climax). Some aremoderately influenced by periodic surface or by subsurface groundwater flows(Martin and others 1985).Closely related types-These communities are similar to closed Sitka sprucewesternhemlock communities but have less spruce.Photographs-Figure 5, this publication.Primary reference-Martin and others 1985.Communities-Tsuga heferophylla/Vacciniuum spp. (Fox 1983, Martin and others1985). Tsuga heferophy//a/vaccinium spp./Dryopteris dilatata (Martin and others1985). Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-Oplopanax horridus (LaBau 1981. Martinand others 1985). Tsuga heterophy/la/Oplopanax horridus (Martin and others 1985).Figure %Closed needleleafforest of western hemlock withan understory of Vaccinium sppand Dryopreris dilatata fromsoutheastern Alaska. (Photographmunery Jon Maoin.)57
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
Page 9 and 10: Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
Page 11 and 12: Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
Page 15 and 16: Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
Page 17 and 18: II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
Page 19: mn15
Page 25: FQ221
Page 29: n aa25
Page 39: mP35
Page 48: .I44
Page 59: Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
Page 63 and 64: LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
Page 65 and 66: Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
Page 67 and 68: Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
Page 69 and 70: Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
Page 71 and 72: LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
Page 73 and 74: A lower well-developed shrub layer
Page 75 and 76: A layer of herbs and ferns provides
Page 77 and 78: Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
Page 79 and 80: Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
Page 81 and 82: 1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
Page 83 and 84: A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
Page 85 and 86: and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
Page 87 and 88: A well-developed tall shrub layer,
Page 89 and 90: Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
Page 91 and 92: Occasionally, small stands of balsa
Page 93 and 94: Mature birch can survive low-intens
Page 95 and 96: Distribution and Site characteristl
Page 97 and 98: Distributlon and site characteristi
Page 99 and 100: Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
Page 101 and 102: I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
Page 103 and 104: stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
Page 105 and 106: 1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
Page 107 and 108: Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
Page 109 and 110: I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
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Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
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Successlonal status-Many of these c
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Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
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generally also have an abundance of
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Successional status-Communities on
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Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
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Primary references-Hogan and Tande
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Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
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Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
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ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
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Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
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Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
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ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
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1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
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Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
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' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
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Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
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(Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
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Successional status-In southwestern
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
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Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
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Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
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Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
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Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
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Closely related types-Halophytic gr
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Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
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Closely related types-These communi
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The sites themselves are covered wi
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Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
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Closely related types-These communi
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Closely related types-Herb wet mead
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Closely related types-Halophytic he
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III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
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lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
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lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
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Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
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Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
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Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
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ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
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Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
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Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
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Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
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Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
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Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
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Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
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Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
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Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
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Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
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Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
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Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
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Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
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Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
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Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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Table &--List of scientific and com
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Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
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Table >Listof scientific and common
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
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Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
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Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
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Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
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Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
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Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
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Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
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Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
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Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
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~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
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Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
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