The Alaska Vegetation Classification - Alaska Geobotany Center ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Successlonal status-The slough levee types often develop from halophytic herbcommunities as silt accumulation decreases flooding frequency. Tall willows, andeventually alder and Populus spp., invade these sites with further soil developmentand further removal from tidal influence. Successional relations of the other midgrassherbcommunities are less clear. Some of the coastal meadow sites probably developedfrom coastal marshes (halophytic sedge wet meadows) and eventually maysucceed to tall scrub and forest unless paludification leads to bog development.Some of the stands on slopes appear to persist indefinitely.Closely related types-These communities are similar to some of the hair-grassand dry fescue types but are dominated by forbs, or at least dominated by two ormore different kinds of grasses. Some midgrass-herb types also are similar to mesicmixed herb communities but differ in having a codominant grass element.Coastal levee communities often grade seaward into halophytic herb communities butdiffer in having substantial quantities of Poa eminens or Fesfuca rubra. As the leveesbecome higher or sandier, these communities may grade into €/ymus arenarius types.Photographs4ianson 1951, figure 24; figure 61, this publication.Primary references-Hanson 1951, Ritchie and others 1981.Communities-Festuca altaica-Anemone narcissiflora (Anderson 1974, Pegau 1972).Festuca alfaica-Lupinus arcticus (Scott 1974a). Festuca alfaica-Carex podocarpa-Aconitum delphinifolium-Mertensia paniculafa-Artemisia arctica (Hanson 1951).Festuca altaica-Sanguisorba sfipulata-Lycopodium alpinum-Salix reticulatalfeathermosses (Hanson 1951). Festuca alfaica-Calamagrosfis canadensis-Comuscanadensis-Geranium erianfhum (Hanson 1951). Festuca rubra-Dodecafheonpulchellum-Lathyrus palustris (Hanson 1951). Fesfuca rubfa-Angelica lucida-Achilleaborealis-Cardamine umbellafa (Byrd 1984). Fesfuca rvbra-Carex supina-Agropyronboreale (Hanson 1951). Fesfuca rubra-Angelica lucida (Byrd 1984). Festucabrachyphylla-Poa arctica (Shacklette and others 1969). Poa eminens-Potentilla egedii
(Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 1981). Poa eminens-Festuca rubra-Potentilla egedii(Vince and Snow 1984). Poa eminens-Deschampsia beringensis-Festuca rubra(Shacklette and others 1969). Agropyronpauciflorum-fpilobium angustifolium(Hanson 1951). Carex macrochaefa-Fesfuca rubra (Byrd 1984). Agropyronpauciflorum-Fesfuca rubra-Achillea borealis-Lafhyrus palusfris (Hanson 1951). Poaglauca-Carex macrochaefa-Calamagrosfis canadensis-Angelica lucida (Hanson1951). Carex macrochaefa-Deschampsia beringensis (Friedman 1982). Potentillaegedii-Festuca rubra (del Moral and Watson 1978). Hedysarum alpinurn-Deschampsiaberingensis (Crow 1968).III.A.1.e. Hair-GrassDescription-These communities are dominated by hair-grasses (Deschampsiaspp.), usually D. beringensis. Broad-leaved herbs may be common but not codominant.Mosses may be common or absent. Woody plants and lichens generally arerare. The canopy may be open or closed, and the hair-grass usually grows 40 to80 centimeters (16 to 32 in) tall.These are often rather diverse stands, with small numbers of a great many species.Sometimes the hair-grass is only weakly dominant over the other species in thestand. Common associated species (not all are likely to be present at any one site)include Potentilla egedii, Calamagrostis canadensis, Poa eminens, Achillea borealis,Fesfuca rubra, and Hedysarum alpinum.Distribution and site characteristics-Hair-grass communities are found insouthern Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands) in coastal or near-coastal settingssuch as channel levees, fringes of coastal marshes, cliff tops, and cliff bases. Soilsare generally well drained and mesic to dry. Textures range from clays to sands, andpH generally is circumneutral to slightly acid, with the few reported values hoveringaround 6.7 to 6.8. Some hair-grass communities are flooded irregularly by brackishwater during storm surges, but this seems to have no appreciable effect on soilsalinity. Permafrost is absent.Successional status-Hair-grass communities may be near the middle of severalsuccessional sequences. Communities on coastal channel levees probably developfrom halophytic herb communities via midgrass-herb communities. Hair-grass communitiesat the upper fringes of coastal marshes may develop from halophytic sedge(especially Carex lyngbyael) stands if drainage is adequate and the marsh isprograding.Some hair-grass communities may be invaded by Calamagrostis canadensis(Hanson 1951) and eventually replaced by it. Other stands may be replacedeventually by willows or alders.Closely related types-Hair-grass communities are most similar to midgrass-herbcommunities but lack a dominant broad-leaved herb (forb) component. Forbs may becommon or scarce but not codominant. Some hair-grass communities have a substantialcover of Calamagrosfis canadensis and are similar to bluejoint meadows orbluejoint-herb meadows but have less bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) andmore hair-grass.165
Page 1 and 2:
~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
Page 3 and 4:
AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
Page 5 and 6:
IntroductionThe first draft of this
Page 7 and 8:
General Descriptionof theClassifica
Page 9 and 10:
Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
Page 11 and 12:
Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
Page 15 and 16:
Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
Page 17 and 18:
II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
Page 19:
mn15
Page 25:
FQ221
Page 29:
n aa25
Page 39:
mP35
Page 48:
.I44
Page 59 and 60:
Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
Page 61 and 62:
Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
Page 63 and 64:
LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
Page 67 and 68:
Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
Page 69 and 70:
Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
Page 71 and 72:
LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
Page 73 and 74:
A lower well-developed shrub layer
Page 75 and 76:
A layer of herbs and ferns provides
Page 77 and 78:
Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
Page 81 and 82:
1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
Page 83 and 84:
A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
Page 85 and 86:
and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
Page 87 and 88:
A well-developed tall shrub layer,
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
Page 91 and 92:
Occasionally, small stands of balsa
Page 93 and 94:
Mature birch can survive low-intens
Page 95 and 96:
Distribution and Site characteristl
Page 97 and 98:
Distributlon and site characteristi
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
Page 101 and 102:
I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
Page 103 and 104:
stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
Page 105 and 106:
1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
Page 109 and 110:
I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
Page 111 and 112:
Distribution and site characteristi
Page 113 and 114:
Closely related types-Closed subalp
Page 115 and 116:
ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
Page 117 and 118: Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
Page 119 and 120: hummocky substrate and usually are
Page 121 and 122: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 123 and 124: Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
Page 125 and 126: ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
Page 127 and 128: Distribution and site characteristi
Page 129 and 130: Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
Page 131 and 132: Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
Page 135 and 136: Successlonal status-Many of these c
Page 137 and 138: Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
Page 139 and 140: generally also have an abundance of
Page 141 and 142: Successional status-Communities on
Page 143 and 144: Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
Page 145 and 146: Primary references-Hogan and Tande
Page 149 and 150: Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
Page 151 and 152: Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
Page 153 and 154: ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
Page 155 and 156: Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
Page 157 and 158: Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
Page 159 and 160: ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
Page 161 and 162: 1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
Page 163 and 164: Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
Page 165 and 166: ' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
Page 167: Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
Page 171 and 172: Successional status-In southwestern
Page 173 and 174: Primary references-Batten and other
Page 177 and 178: Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
Page 181 and 182: Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
Page 187 and 188: Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
Page 189 and 190: Closely related types-Halophytic gr
Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
Page 193 and 194: Closely related types-These communi
Page 195 and 196: The sites themselves are covered wi
Page 197 and 198: Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
Page 199 and 200: Closely related types-These communi
Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
Page 203 and 204: Closely related types-Halophytic he
Page 205 and 206: III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
Page 207 and 208: lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
Page 215 and 216: Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
Page 217 and 218: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
Page 219 and 220:
Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
Page 221 and 222:
Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
Page 223 and 224:
Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
Page 225 and 226:
Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
Page 227 and 228:
Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
Page 229 and 230:
Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
Page 231 and 232:
Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
Page 233 and 234:
Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
Page 235 and 236:
Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
Page 237 and 238:
Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
Page 239 and 240:
Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
Page 241 and 242:
Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
Page 243 and 244:
Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
Page 245 and 246:
Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
Page 247 and 248:
Table %Listof scientific and common
Page 249 and 250:
Table &--List of scientific and com
Page 251 and 252:
Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
Page 253 and 254:
Table >Listof scientific and common
Page 255 and 256:
Table %Listof scientific and common
Page 257 and 258:
~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
Page 259 and 260:
Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
Page 261 and 262:
Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
Page 263 and 264:
Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
Page 265 and 266:
Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
Page 267 and 268:
Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
Page 269 and 270:
Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
Page 271 and 272:
Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
Page 273 and 274:
Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
Page 275 and 276:
Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
Page 277 and 278:
Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
Page 279 and 280:
Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
Page 281 and 282:
~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
Page 283 and 284:
Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
show all

The Alaska Vegetation Classification - Alaska Geobotany Center ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?