Edwards, Mary E.; Dunwlddle, Peter W. 1985. Dendrochronological and palynologicalobservations on Populus balsamifera in northern <strong>Alaska</strong>, U.S.A. Arctic and AlpineResearch. 17(3): 271 -278.Edwards, M.E.; Armbuster, W.S. 1989. A tundra-steppe transition on Kathul Mountain,<strong>Alaska</strong>, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research. 21(3): 296-304.Egan, Robert S. 1987. A fiith checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungiof the continental United States and Canada. <strong>The</strong> Btyologist. 90(2): 77-173.Evans, B.M.; Walker, D.A.; Benson, C.S. [and others]. 1989. Spatial interrelationshipsbetween terrain, snow distribution, and vegetation patterns at an arctic foothill site in<strong>Alaska</strong>. Holarctic Ecology. 12(3): 270-278.Everett, K.R. 1971. Composition and genesis of the organic soils of Amchitka Island. AleutianIslands, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Arctic and Alpine Research. 3(1): 1-16.Everett, K.R. 1980. Distribution and variability of soils near Atkasook, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Arctic andAlpine Research. 12(4): 433-446.Everett, K.R.; Murray, B.M.; Murray, D.F. [and others]. 1985. Reconnaissance observationsof long-term natural vegetation recovery in the Cape Thompson region, <strong>Alaska</strong>, andadditions to the checklist of flora. CRREL Rep. 85-1 1. Hanover, NH: US. Army ColdRegions Research and Engineering Laboratory. 84 p.Farjon, Aljos; Bogaers, Pleter. 1985. <strong>Vegetation</strong> zonation and primary succession alongthe Porcupine River in interior <strong>Alaska</strong>. Phytocoenologia. 13(4): 465-504.Farquhar, N.; Schubert, J., eds. 1980. Ray Mountains, central <strong>Alaska</strong>: an environmentalanalysis and resources statement. Middlebury, VT: Middlebury College, Northern StudiesProgram. 390 p.Felix, Nancy A,; Jorgenson, M. Torre. 1984. Effects of winter seismic exploration on thecoastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. <strong>Alaska</strong>, 1984. Fairbanks, AK: ArcticNational Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 86 p.Felix, Nancy A,; Raynolds, Martha K 1989. <strong>The</strong> effects of winter seismic trails on tundravegetation in northeastern <strong>Alaska</strong>, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research. 21(2): 188-202.Fetcher, Ned; Beatty, Thomas F.; Mulllnax, Ben; Wlnkier, Daniel S. 1984. Changes inArctic tussock tundra thirteen years aiter fire. Ecology. 65(4): 1332-1333.Foote, M. Joan. 1983. <strong>Classification</strong>, description, and dynamics of plant communlies afterfire in the taiga of interior <strong>Alaska</strong>. Res. Pap. PNW-307. Portland, OR: US. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 108 p.Fosberg, F.R. 1967. A classification of vegetation for general purposes. In: Peterkin, G.F..comp. Guide to the checksheet for IBP areas. IBP Handb. 4. Oxford and Edinburgh:Blackwell Scientific Publications: 73-120.Fox, Joseph Larkln. 1978. Weather as a determinant factor in summer mountain goat activityand habtat use. Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>. 64 p. M S. thesis.Fox, Joseph Larkln. 1983. Constraints on winter habtat selection by the mountain goat(Oreamnos americanus) in <strong>Alaska</strong>. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 147 p. Ph.D.dissertation.Friedman, Bonnie. 1982. Environmental: section 3. In: Draft feasibility study for Atka Islandhydroelectric project. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]: [Not paged].Submitted to <strong>Alaska</strong> Power Authority by NORTEC. Inc.220
Fries, Janet A. 1977. <strong>The</strong> vascular flora of Nunivak Island, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Middlebury, VT: EnvironmentalStudies Department, Middiebury College. 58 p. Senior thesis project. On file with:Institute of Northern Forestry, 308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775.Frohne, William C. 1953. Mosquito breeding in <strong>Alaska</strong>n salt marshes, with special referenceto Aedes punctodes Dyar. Mosquito News. 13: 96-103.Gabriel, Herman W.; Talbot, Stephen S. 1984. Glossary of landscape and vegetation ecologyfor <strong>Alaska</strong>. ELM-<strong>Alaska</strong> Tech. Rep. IO. Anchorage, AK: US. Department of the Interior.Bureau of Land Management. 137 p.Gasbarro, Anthony F. 1978. Copper River-Wrangells regional analysis. Fairbanks, AK: Schoolof Agriculture and Land Resources Management, Agricultural Experiment Station, Universityof <strong>Alaska</strong>. 77 p.George, T.H.; Stringer, W.J.; Preston, J.E. [and others]. 1977. Reindeer range inventory inwestern <strong>Alaska</strong> from computer-aided digital classification of LANDSAT data. In: 28th <strong>Alaska</strong>science conference. <strong>Alaska</strong> Division American Association for the Advancement of Science;1977 September 22-24; Anchorage, AK. Anchorage. AK: <strong>Alaska</strong> Division American Associationfor the Advancement 01 Science: 98-115. Vol. 4.Gjaerevoll, Olav. 1954. Kobresieto-dryadion in <strong>Alaska</strong>. Nyn Magasin for Botanikk. 3: 51-54.Gjaerevoll, Olav. 1980. A comparison between the alpine plant communities of <strong>Alaska</strong> andScandinavia. Acta Phylogeographica Suecica. 68: 83-88Gregory, Robert A. 1966. <strong>The</strong> effect of leaf litter upon establishment of white spruce beneathpaper birch. <strong>The</strong> Forestry Chronicle. 42: 251-255.Grlggs, Robert F. 1936. <strong>The</strong> vegetation of the Katmai District. Ecology. 17(3): 380-417.Grumman Ecosystems Corporation. 1971. Flora, vegetation and ecological formations. In:A resource inventory and evaluation of the recreational potential of the Wood River-TikchikLakes area of <strong>Alaska</strong>. Bethpage. NY 12.1 to 12.66. Chapter 12.Hagen, R.; Meyer, M. 1978. Remote sensing applications to habaat analysis of the BeringRiver-Controller Bay Trumpeter Swan Management Area and Martin River Valley, <strong>Alaska</strong>.IAFHE RSL Res. Rep. 78-4. St. Paul, MN: Remote Sensing Laboratory, College of Forestryand the Agricultural Experiment Station, institute of Agriculture, Forestry and HomeEconomics. University of Minnesota. 65 p.Hamet-Ahtl, L. 1976. Biotic subdivisions of the Boreal Zone. GeobotanicheskoeKartografirovanie. 1976: 51-58.Hanley, Thomas A,; Wailmo, Olof C.; Schoen, John W.; Klrchhoff, Matthew D. [n.d.].Habitat relationships of Sitka black-tailed deer. Admin. Doc. 151. Juneau, AK: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Region IO. 32 p.Hanson, Herbert C. 1950. <strong>Vegetation</strong> and soil profiles in some solifluction and mound areas in<strong>Alaska</strong>. Ecology. 31 (4): 606-630.Hanson, Herbert C. 1951. Characteristics of some grassland. marsh, and other plant communitiesin western <strong>Alaska</strong>. Ecological Monographs. 21(4): 317-378.Hanson, Herbert C. 1953. <strong>Vegetation</strong> types in northwestern <strong>Alaska</strong> and comparisons withcommunities in other arctic regions. Ecology. 34(1): 111-140.Hanson, Herbert C. 1958. Caribou management studies: analysis of Nelchina caribou range.[Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]; job completion reports: ProjectW-3-R-12 wildlife investigations; work plan B, job 6, vol. 12. no. 4. 68 p.Harris, Arland S. 1965. Subalpine fir on Harris Ridge near Hollis, Prince of Wales Island.<strong>Alaska</strong>. Northwest Science. 39(4): 123-128.221
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
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mn15
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FQ221
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n aa25
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mP35
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.I44
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Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
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Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
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I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
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stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
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1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
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Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
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I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
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Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Successlonal status-Many of these c
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Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
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generally also have an abundance of
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Successional status-Communities on
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Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
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Primary references-Hogan and Tande
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
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Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
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ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
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Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
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Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
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ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
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1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
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Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
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' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
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Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
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(Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
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Successional status-In southwestern
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- Page 217 and 218: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
- Page 219 and 220: Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
- Page 221 and 222: Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
- Page 223: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
- Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
- Page 229 and 230: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
- Page 231 and 232: Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
- Page 233 and 234: Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
- Page 235 and 236: Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
- Page 237 and 238: Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
- Page 239 and 240: Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
- Page 241 and 242: Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
- Page 243 and 244: Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
- Page 245 and 246: Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
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~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
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Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten