Watson, Sarah. 1981. Wetlands habitat investigations in Sitka Sound, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Anchorage, AK<strong>Alaska</strong> Department of Fish and Game, Marine and Coastal Habitat Management, HabitatProtection. 126 p.Webber, P.J. 1975. <strong>Vegetation</strong>. In: Brown, Jerry, ed. Ecological and limnological reconnaissancesfrom Prudhoe Bay into the Brooks Range, <strong>Alaska</strong>-summer 1975. Hanover. NH:U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory: 24-26.Webber, P.J.; Komarkova, V.; Walker, D.A.; Werbe, E. 1978. <strong>Vegetation</strong> mapping andresponse to disturbance along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay haul road. In: Brown, Jerry,principal investigator. Ecological baseline investigations along the Yukon River-PrudhoeBay haul road, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Hanover, NH: Corps of Engineers, US. Army Cold Region Researchand Engineering Laboratory: 25-87.Webber, P.J.; Miller, PC.; Chapln, F.S., 111; McCown, B.H. 1980. <strong>The</strong> vegetation: patternand succession. in: Brown, Jerry; Miller, Philip C.; Tieszen, Larry L.; Bunnell, Fred L., eds.An arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow, <strong>Alaska</strong>. US/IBP Synthesis Series 12.Stroudsburg. P A Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc.: 186-218.Webber, P.J.; Walker, D.A.; Rowley, F. 1975. Gradient analysis of plant growth forms. In:Brown. Jerry, ed. Ecological and limnological reconnaissances from Prudhoe Bay into theBrooks Range, <strong>Alaska</strong>-summer 1975. Hanover. NH: U.S. Army Cold Regions Researchand Engineering Laboratory: 31-35.Webber, Patrlck J. 1978. Spatial and temporal variation of the vegetation and its production,Barrow, <strong>Alaska</strong>. In: Tieszen, Larry L., ed. <strong>Vegetation</strong> and production ecology of an <strong>Alaska</strong>narctic tundra. Ecological Studies 29. New York: Springer-Verlag: 37-1 12.Webber, Patrick J.; Walker, Donald A. 1975. <strong>Vegetation</strong> and landscape analysis at PrudhoeBay, <strong>Alaska</strong>: a vegetation map of the tundra biome study area. In: Brown, Jerry, ed.Ecological investigations of the tundra biome in ihe Prudhoe Bay region, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Bioi. Pap.Univ. <strong>Alaska</strong> Spec. Rep. 2. Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>: 81-91.Welsh, Stanley L. 1974. Anderson's flora of <strong>Alaska</strong> and adjacent parts of Canada. Provo, UT:Brigham Young University Press. 724 p.West, Randolph A. 1986. Key to preliminary plant associations (habitat types) of southeast<strong>Alaska</strong>: Ketchikan Area, Tongass National Forest. Draft. 8 p. On file with: Institute ofNorthern Forestry, 308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775.Western <strong>Alaska</strong> Ecological Services; U.S. Fish and Wlldlife Service. 1981. Bradley Lakehabitat evaluation procedures report. [Not paged]. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK 99501.White, Roben G.; Thomson, Brian R.; Skogland, Terge [and others].1975. Ecology ofcaribou at Prudhoe Bay. <strong>Alaska</strong>. In: Brown, Jerry, ed. Ecological investigations of the tundrabiome in the Prudhoe Bay region, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Biol. Pap. Univ. <strong>Alaska</strong> Spec. Rep. 2. Fairbanks,AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>: 151-201.Wibbenmeyer, Merlin; Grunblatt, Jesse; Shea, Lana. 1982. User's guide for Bristol Bayland aver maps. Anchorage, AK: State of <strong>Alaska</strong>; US. Department of the Interior. 120 p.Wlelgolaskl, F.E. 1972. <strong>Vegetation</strong> types and plant biomass in tundra. Arctic and AlpineResearch. 4(4): 291 -305.Wiersma, G. Bruce; Slaughter, Charles; Hilgert, Jerry [and others]. 1986. Reconnaissanceof Noatak National Preserve and biosphere reserve as a potential site for inclusion in theintegrated global background monitoring network. Washington, DC: US. Department ofState, U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program. 84 p.
Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. <strong>The</strong> distribution of vascular plants on polygonal ground near PointBarrow. <strong>Alaska</strong>. Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium. Stanford. CA: Natural HistoryMuseum of Stanford University. 4(3): 41-52.Wiggins, Ira L.; MacVicar, Donald G., Jr. 1958. Notes on the plants in the vicinity ofChandler Lake, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium. Stanford, CA: NaturalHistory Museum of Stanford University. 5(3): 69-95.Wiggins, Ira L.; Thomas, John Hunter. 1962. A flora of the <strong>Alaska</strong> Arctic Slope. ArcticInstitute of North America Spec. Publ. 4. Toronto: ON: University of Toronto Press. 425 p.Wilde, SA.; Krause, H.H. 1960. Soil-forest types of the Yukon and Tanana Valleys in subarctic<strong>Alaska</strong>. Journal of Soil Science. 11 (2): 266-279.Williamson, F.S.L. 1957. Ecological distribution of birds in the Napaskiak area of theKuskokwim River Delta, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Condor. 59: 317-338.Wilson, Brighton, F.; Patterson, William A,, 111; O’Keafe, John F. 1985. Longevity andpersistence of alder west of the tree line on the Seward Peninsula, <strong>Alaska</strong>. CanadianJournal of Botany. 63(10): 1870-1875.Williamson, Francis S.L.; Peyton, Leonard J. 1962. Faunal relationships of birds in thelliarnna Lake area, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Biol. Pap. Univ. <strong>Alaska</strong> 5. Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>.73 p.Wilson, W.J.; Underwood, L.S. 1979. An assessment of environmental effects of constructionand operation of the proposed Terror Lake hydroelectric facility, Kodiak, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Anchorage,AK: Arctic Environmental Information and Data <strong>Center</strong>, University of <strong>Alaska</strong>. 305 p.Winters, Jack F., Jr. 1980. Summer habitat and food utilization by Dall sheep and theirrelation to body and horn size. Fairbanks, AK: University of <strong>Alaska</strong>. 129 p. M.S. thesis.Wolff, Jerry 0.; Cowling, Joanne. 198:. Moose browse utilization in Mount McKinley NationalPark, <strong>Alaska</strong>. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 95(1): 85-88.Worley, Ian A. 1975. Plant community analysis. In: Streveler, G.P.; Worley, LA., eds. DixonHarbor biological survey: final report on the summer phase of 1974 research. Juneau, AK:National Park Service: 42-90.Worley, LA.; Streveler, G.P. 1974. Plant communities. in: Streveler, G.P.; Worley, LA.; Terry,C.J.; Gordon, R.J. Dixon Harbor biological survey: final report on the summer phase of1973 research: 16-30. Unpublished report. On file with: Institute of Northern Forestry, 308Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775.Worley, Ian A. 1972. <strong>The</strong> bryo-geography of southeastern <strong>Alaska</strong>. Vancouver, BC: Universityof British Columbia. 715 p. Ph.D. thesis.Worley, Ian A. 1977. Plant community analysis. In: Streveler. G.P.; Worley, I.A., eds. DixonHarbor biological survey: final report on the summer phase of 1975 research. Juneau, AK:National Park Service: 126-239. Part 6.Worley, Ian A. 1980. Plant community analysis. In: Streveler. G.P.; Worley, LA.; Molnia, B.F.,eds. Lituya Bay environmental survey. Juneau, AK: National Park Service: 92-192. 2 vol.Worley, Ian A.; Jacques, Dennis. 1973. Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in coastal westernNorth America. Northwest Science. 47(4): 265-273.Worley, Ian A,; Savrine, Thomas J., Jr. 1980. <strong>The</strong> vegetation map. In: Streveler, G.P.;Worley, LA.; Molnia. B.F., eds. Lituya Bay environmental survey. Juneau. AK: NationalPark Service: 193-200. 2 VOI.241
- Page 1 and 2:
~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
- Page 3 and 4:
AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
- Page 5 and 6:
IntroductionThe first draft of this
- Page 7 and 8:
General Descriptionof theClassifica
- Page 9 and 10:
Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
- Page 11 and 12:
Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
- Page 13 and 14:
Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
- Page 15 and 16:
Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
- Page 17 and 18:
II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
- Page 19:
mn15
- Page 25:
FQ221
- Page 29:
n aa25
- Page 39:
mP35
- Page 48:
.I44
- Page 59 and 60:
Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
- Page 61 and 62:
Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
- Page 63 and 64:
LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
- Page 65 and 66:
Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
- Page 67 and 68:
Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
- Page 69 and 70:
Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
- Page 71 and 72:
LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
- Page 73 and 74:
A lower well-developed shrub layer
- Page 75 and 76:
A layer of herbs and ferns provides
- Page 77 and 78:
Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
- Page 79 and 80:
Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
- Page 81 and 82:
1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
- Page 83 and 84:
A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
- Page 85 and 86:
and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
- Page 87 and 88:
A well-developed tall shrub layer,
- Page 89 and 90:
Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
- Page 91 and 92:
Occasionally, small stands of balsa
- Page 93 and 94:
Mature birch can survive low-intens
- Page 95 and 96:
Distribution and Site characteristl
- Page 97 and 98:
Distributlon and site characteristi
- Page 99 and 100:
Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
- Page 101 and 102:
I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
- Page 103 and 104:
stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
- Page 105 and 106:
1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
- Page 107 and 108:
Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
- Page 109 and 110:
I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
- Page 111 and 112:
Distribution and site characteristi
- Page 113 and 114:
Closely related types-Closed subalp
- Page 115 and 116:
ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
- Page 117 and 118:
Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
- Page 119 and 120:
hummocky substrate and usually are
- Page 121 and 122:
Primary references-Batten and other
- Page 123 and 124:
Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
- Page 125 and 126:
ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
- Page 127 and 128:
Distribution and site characteristi
- Page 129 and 130:
Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
- Page 131 and 132:
Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
- Page 133 and 134:
Distribution and site characteristi
- Page 135 and 136:
Successlonal status-Many of these c
- Page 137 and 138:
Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
- Page 139 and 140:
generally also have an abundance of
- Page 141 and 142:
Successional status-Communities on
- Page 143 and 144:
Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
- Page 145 and 146:
Primary references-Hogan and Tande
- Page 147 and 148:
Distribution and site characteristi
- Page 149 and 150:
Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
- Page 151 and 152:
Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
- Page 153 and 154:
ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
- Page 155 and 156:
Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
- Page 157 and 158:
Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
- Page 159 and 160:
ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
- Page 161 and 162:
1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
- Page 163 and 164:
Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
- Page 165 and 166:
' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
- Page 167 and 168:
Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
- Page 169 and 170:
(Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
- Page 171 and 172:
Successional status-In southwestern
- Page 173 and 174:
Primary references-Batten and other
- Page 177 and 178:
Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
- Page 179 and 180:
Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
- Page 181 and 182:
Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
- Page 183 and 184:
Distribution and site characteristi
- Page 185 and 186:
Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
- Page 187 and 188:
Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
- Page 189 and 190:
Closely related types-Halophytic gr
- Page 191 and 192:
Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
- Page 193 and 194: Closely related types-These communi
- Page 195 and 196: The sites themselves are covered wi
- Page 197 and 198: Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
- Page 199 and 200: Closely related types-These communi
- Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
- Page 203 and 204: Closely related types-Halophytic he
- Page 205 and 206: III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
- Page 207 and 208: lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
- Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
- Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
- Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
- Page 215 and 216: Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
- Page 217 and 218: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
- Page 219 and 220: Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
- Page 221 and 222: Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
- Page 223 and 224: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
- Page 225 and 226: Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
- Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
- Page 229 and 230: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
- Page 231 and 232: Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
- Page 233 and 234: Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
- Page 235 and 236: Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
- Page 237 and 238: Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
- Page 239 and 240: Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
- Page 241 and 242: Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
- Page 243: Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
- Page 247 and 248: Table %Listof scientific and common
- Page 249 and 250: Table &--List of scientific and com
- Page 251 and 252: Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
- Page 253 and 254: Table >Listof scientific and common
- Page 255 and 256: Table %Listof scientific and common
- Page 257 and 258: ~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
- Page 259 and 260: Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
- Page 261 and 262: Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
- Page 263 and 264: Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
- Page 265 and 266: Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
- Page 267 and 268: Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
- Page 269 and 270: Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
- Page 271 and 272: Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
- Page 273 and 274: Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
- Page 275 and 276: Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
- Page 277 and 278: Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
- Page 279 and 280: Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
- Page 281 and 282: ~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
- Page 283 and 284: Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten