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Lapin, Marc. 1985% The vegetation of the Eek River drainage, Yukon Delta National WildlifeRefuge. Bethel, AK: US. Fish and Wildlife Service. 16 p.Lapin, Marc. 1985b. Vegetation of the Kwethluk River drainage. Bethel, AK: U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. [Not paged].La Rol, George H. 1967. Ecological studies in the boreal spruce-fir forests of the NorthAmerican taiga. I: Analysis of the vascular flora. Ecological Monographs. 37(3): 229-253.La Rol, George H.; Strlnger, Muriel H. 1976. Ecological studies in the boreal spruce-firforests of the North American taiga. 11: Analysis of the bryophyte flora. Canadian Journalof Botany. 54(7): 619-643.Lausl, D.; Nlmls, P.L. 1985. Roadside vegetation in boreal south Yukon and adjacent Alaska.Phytocoenologia. 13(1): 103.138.Lawrence, Donald B. 1958. Glaciers and vegetation in southeastern Alaska. AmericanScientist. 46(2): 89-122.Lawson, D.E.; Brown, J.; Everett, K.R. [and others]. 1978. Tundra disturbances andrecovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling. Fish Creek, northern Alaska. CRREL Rep.78-28. Hanover. NH: US. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. 91 p.Lebednlk, Phillip A.; Palmlsano, John F. 1977. Ecology of marine algae. In: Merritt, MelvinL.; Fuller. R. Glen, eds. The environment of Amchitka Island, Alaska. TID-26712. [Place ofpublication unknown]: Technical Information Center, Energy Research and DevelopmentAdministration: 353-393.Lee, Lyndon C.; Teskey, Robert 0.; Hlnckley, Thomas M. 1982. Impact of water levelchanges on woody riparian and wetland communities. Volume 11: Alaska. Seattle, WA:College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. 170 p.LeResche, R.E.; Bishop, R.H.; Coady, J.W. 1974. Distribution and habitats of moose inAlaska. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 101: 143-178.Luken, J.O.; Billings, W.D. 1983. Changes in bryophyte production associated with athermokarst erosion cycle in a subarctic bog. Lindbergia. 9: 163-1 68.Lutz, H.J. 1956. Ecological effects of forest fires in the interior of Alaska. Tech. Bull. 1133.[Place of publication unknown]: US. Department of Agriculture. 121 p.Lyon, John Grlrnson; George, Thomas Luke. 1979. Vegetation mapping in the Gates of theArctic National Park. In: 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry;1979 March 22; Washington, DC. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]:483-497.MacDonald, K.B.; Barbour, M.G. 1974. Beach and salt marsh vegetation along the PacificCoast. In: Reimold. R.J.; Queen, W.H., eds. Ecology of halophytes. New York: AcademicPress: 175-234.MacDonald, Keith B. 1977. Plant and animal communities of Pacific North American saltmarshes. In: Chapman, V.J., ed. Ecosystems of the world. I: Wet coastal ecosystems.New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.: 167-191.Manuwal, Naornl J. 1979. Vegetation of the Barren Islands, Alaska. Syesis. 12: 131-146.Markon, Carl J. 1980. Terrestrial and aquatic habitat mapping along the Alaska natural gaspipeline system. Anchorage, AK: US. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Studies. 67 p.Martin, Jon R. 1989. Vegetation and environment in old growth forests of southeast Alaska: aplant association classification. Tempe, A Z : Arizona State University. 221 p. MS. Thesis.226
Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Downs, James M. 1985. Preliminary forest plantassociations (habitat types) of southeast Alaska: Chatham Area, Tongass National Forest.91 p. Draft. On file with: Institute of Nolthern Forestry. 308 Tanana Drive, Fairbanks, AK99775.Marvin, LuDean C. 1986. A floristic survey of the Eklutna Valley, Chugach State Park, Alaska.Provo. UT: Brigham Young University. 147 p. MS. thesis.McCartney, Nancy Glover. 1976. Effects of Eskimos on soils and vegetation at two northernarcheological sites. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. 652 p. Ph.D. thesis.McCormick, Jack; Plchon, Wayne. 1978. Wetlands of Potter Marsh, Point Campbell toPotter. WAPORA Proj. 681. Washington, DC: WAPORA, Inc. 79 p.McKendrlck, Jay D. 1981. Responses of arctic tundra to intensive muskox grazing.Agroborealis. 13: 49-55.McKendrlck, J.D.; Scorup, PC; Mitchell, Wm. W.; Branton, 1. 1974. Identification ofphenological stages and vegetation types for land use classification. Final report. Greenbelt,MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center. 95 p.McKendrlck, Jay D. 1987. Plant succession on disturbed sites, North Slope, Alaska, USA.Arctic and Alpine Research 19(4): 554-565.McRoy, C. Peter. 1966. The standing stock and ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) inlzembek Lagoon, Alaska. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 138 p. MS. thesis.McRoy, C. Peter. 1968. The distribution and biogeography of Zostera marina (eelgrass) inAlaska. Pacific Science. 22(4): 507-513.Meehan, William R. 1974. The forest ecosystem of southeast Alaska: 4. Wildlife habitats.Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-16. Portland, OR: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p.Merriam, C. Hart. 1884. The geographic distribution of animals and plants in North America.Washington, DC: US. Department of Agriculture: 203-214.Meyers, Cynthia R. 1985. Vegetation of the Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska: community composition,distribution, and tidal influences. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska. 206 p.MS. thesis.Miller, P.C. 1975. Patterns of plant growth forms in the tussock tundra. In: Brown, Jerry, ed.Ecological and limnological reconnaissances from Prudhoe Bay into the Brooks Range,Alaska-summer 1975. Wanover. NH: US. Army Cold Regions Research and EngineeringLaboratory: 40-44.Miquelle, Dale. 1985. Food habits and range conditions of bison and sympatric ungulates onthe upper Chitna River, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. ResearchFiesourcesManagement Rep. AR-8. Anchorage AK: National Park Service, Alaska Regional Office.112 p.Mitchell, Wm. W. 1968. On the ecology of Sitka alder in the subalpine zone of south-centralAlaska. In: Trappe, J.M.; Franklin, J.F.; Tarrant, R.F.; Hansen, G.M., eds. Biology of alder:Proceedings of a symposium held at Northwest Scientific Association 40th annual meeting;1967 April 14-15; Pullman, WA. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 45-56.Mitchell, Wm. W.; Evans, Jim. 1966. Composition of two disclimax bluejoint stands in southcentralAlaska. Journal of Range Management. 19(2): 65-68.227
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~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
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AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
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IntroductionThe first draft of this
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General Descriptionof theClassifica
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Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
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Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
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Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
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Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
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II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
Page 19:
mn15
Page 25:
FQ221
Page 29:
n aa25
Page 39:
mP35
Page 48:
.I44
Page 59 and 60:
Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
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Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
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A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
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Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
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I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
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stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
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1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
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Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
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I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
Page 121 and 122:
Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Page 129 and 130:
Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
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Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
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Successlonal status-Many of these c
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Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
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generally also have an abundance of
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Successional status-Communities on
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Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
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Primary references-Hogan and Tande
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Page 149 and 150:
Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
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Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
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ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
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Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
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Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
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ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
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1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
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Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
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' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
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Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
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(Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
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Successional status-In southwestern
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
Page 179 and 180: Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
Page 181 and 182: Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
Page 183 and 184: Distribution and site characteristi
Page 185 and 186: Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
Page 187 and 188: Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
Page 189 and 190: Closely related types-Halophytic gr
Page 191 and 192: Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
Page 193 and 194: Closely related types-These communi
Page 195 and 196: The sites themselves are covered wi
Page 197 and 198: Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
Page 199 and 200: Closely related types-These communi
Page 201 and 202: Closely related types-Herb wet mead
Page 203 and 204: Closely related types-Halophytic he
Page 205 and 206: III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
Page 207 and 208: lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
Page 209 and 210: lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
Page 211 and 212: Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
Page 213 and 214: Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
Page 215 and 216: Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
Page 217 and 218: ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
Page 219 and 220: Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
Page 221 and 222: Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
Page 223 and 224: Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
Page 225 and 226: Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
Page 227 and 228: Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
Page 229: Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
Page 233 and 234: Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
Page 235 and 236: Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
Page 237 and 238: Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
Page 239 and 240: Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
Page 241 and 242: Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
Page 243 and 244: Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
Page 245 and 246: Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
Page 247 and 248: Table %Listof scientific and common
Page 249 and 250: Table &--List of scientific and com
Page 251 and 252: Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
Page 253 and 254: Table >Listof scientific and common
Page 255 and 256: Table %Listof scientific and common
Page 257 and 258: ~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
Page 259 and 260: Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
Page 261 and 262: Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
Page 263 and 264: Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
Page 265 and 266: Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
Page 267 and 268: Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
Page 269 and 270: Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
Page 271 and 272: Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
Page 273 and 274: Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
Page 275 and 276: Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
Page 277 and 278: Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
Page 279 and 280: Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
Page 281 and 282:
~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
Page 283 and 284:
Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
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