The Alaska Vegetation Classification - Alaska Geobotany Center ...

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Contents 134445666778101215555510715821 221 3243243254IntroductionGeneral Description of the Classification SystemNaming the Plant CommunitiesReview of Vegetatlon Classificatlon Work in AlaskaSoutheast AlaskaAleutian IslandsSouth-Central AlaskaSouthwest AlaskaNorthwest AlaskaArctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaEntire State of AlaskaThe Classiflcatlon SystemKey to Levels I, II, and 111 of the Alaska Vegetation ClasslfkatlonClassification TableDescriptions of Level I, II, 111, and IV TypesI. ForestII. Scrub111. HerbaceousAcknowledgmentsReferencesAppendixSpecies listGlossary
IntroductionThe first draft of this classification system was produced at the Alaskan RangelandWorkshop in Anchorage in February 1976. It was a rudimentary effort with four levelsof resolution. Improvements were made, and a revision was sent out for review inJune 1976. Members of the committee that worked on these early drafts were WilliamGabriel (Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage), Samuel Rieger (Soil ConservationService, Anchorage), David Murray (University of Alaska Fairbanks), and Leslie A.Viereck and C. Theodore Dyrness (Institute of Northern Forestry, Fairbanks). Therewas considerable statewide interest in the effort, and several suggestions for improvementsin the system were received. In 1977, Murray and Batten (1977) produced anunpublished provisional classification of tundra communities in Alaska: Batten alsoreviewed many vegetation descriptions and determined the synonymy of many vegetationtypes. Their work was incorporated into a much more comprehensive classificationsystem for Alaska's vegetation.The first publication of the system appeared in 1980 under the title, "A preliminaryclassification system for vegetation of Alaska" (Viereck and Dyrness 1980). Thispublication was widely distributed and apparently was well received; but it constitutedonly the first approximation of a comprehensive, statewide system, and much workremained to be done. A revision of the classification system was released in May1981 (Viereck and others 1981) and was distributed rather widely with a call forsuggestions by users for further improvements. This 1981 revision incorporated twomajor changes: (1) tundra as a level I formation was discontinued, and the tundraunits were retained and incorporated into the scrub and herbaceous vegetation formations:and (2) wetland units were developed fully and were clearly identified atlevel IV. This portion of the revision was based largely on a 1980 unpublished reportby Batten (1980).A workshop on classification of Alaska vegetation held in Anchorage in December1981 led to a second revision of the published system, which was issued in May1982 (Viereck and others 1982). At the workshop, the classification was revised tolevel 111, definitions were agreed on that helped delineate the major units of the classification,and descriptions of the "descriptors" and "states" for determining the variouslevels were discussed. As a result of these discussions, many changes were madein system terminology, and categories in level I were reduced from four to three withthe placement of aquatic vegetation in the herbaceous category. Workshop participantsalso agreed that the final version should include keys, descriptions of vegetationunits, photographs typifying some of the more common units, and a glossary.Another well-attended workshop involving those interested in classifying Alaska'svegetation was held in Anchorage in February 1983. Participants expressed stronginterest in seeing the final version of the classification system published, and an interagencycommittee was appointed to aid in this endeavor. Members of the committeewere Stephen Talbot ( US Fish and Wildlife Service), Page Spencer (Bureau of LandManagement), Merlin Wibbenmeyer (Alaska Department of Natural Resources), JonMartin (USDA Forest Service). David Murray (University of Alaska Fairbanks), andPete Scorup (University of Alaska, Palmer).1
Page 1 and 2: ~~ ~rForest ServicePacific Northwes
Page 3: AbstractViereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T
Page 7 and 8: General Descriptionof theClassifica
Page 9 and 10: Northwest’. Tenltoryf-Figure I-Ma
Page 11 and 12: Arctic AlaskaInterior AlaskaAn exte
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2-Vegetation type map of Ala
Page 15 and 16: Table 1-Alaska vegetation classific
Page 17 and 18: II. Scrub8a. Vegetation with at lea
Page 19: mn15
Page 25: FQ221
Page 29: n aa25
Page 39: mP35
Page 48: .I44
Page 59 and 60:
Descriptions ofLevel I, II, 111,and
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Communities-Picea sifchensis/Oplopa
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LA. 1.d. Closed Western Hemlock-Sit
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 6-Closed needleleaf forest o
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Distrlbutlon and site characteristi
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Communities-Picea glaucahathermosse
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LA. 1.1. Closed Black Spruce-White
Page 73 and 74:
A lower well-developed shrub layer
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A layer of herbs and ferns provides
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Figure lS0pen needleleaf forest ofw
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Figure 1 64pen needleleaf forest of
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1.A.2.h. Open Black Spruce-Tamarack
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A.3.b. Siika Spruce WoodlandDescrlp
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and others 1988). Picea glaucdAlnus
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A well-developed tall shrub layer,
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Figure 24-Closed broadleaf forest o
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Occasionally, small stands of balsa
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Mature birch can survive low-intens
Page 95 and 96:
Distribution and Site characteristl
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Distributlon and site characteristi
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Figure 314pen broadleaf forest ofba
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I.B.3.b. Balsam Poplar WoodlandDesc
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stands reach 120 years of age. A ta
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1.c.7.d. Closed Quaking Aspen-Spruc
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Figure 35-Closed mixed forest 01 ba
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I.C.2.b. Open Quaking Aspen-Spruce
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Distribution and site characteristi
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Closely related types-Closed subalp
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ll.A.3.a. Black Spruce Dwarf Tree W
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Figure 38-Closed tall willow shrub
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hummocky substrate and usually are
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Figure 41-Open tall willow shrub of
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ll.B.2.c. Open Tall Shrub Birch Shr
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Page 129 and 130:
Figure 44-Closed low willow shrub o
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Communities-Betula nana-Salixplanif
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Page 135 and 136:
Successlonal status-Many of these c
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Primary referencecHanson 1951; Pega
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generally also have an abundance of
Page 141 and 142:
Successional status-Communities on
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Communitles-Salix glauca/Arcfosfaph
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Primary references-Hogan and Tande
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Closely related types-Sagebrush-gra
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Figure 52-Oryas dwarf shrub tundraw
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ugosum (Hettinger and Janz 1974). D
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Oxyfropis nigrescens, Hierochlog al
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Closely related types-Vaccinium dwa
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ll.D.2.d. Mountain-Heath Dwarf Shru
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1984). Cassiope mertensiana-C. stel
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Figure SB--Dry graminoid herbaceous
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' , , .MA. 1.b. Dry FescueFigure 54
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Figure 60-Midgrass-shrub stand of t
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(Crow 1977b, Ritchie and others 198
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Successional status-In southwestern
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Primary references-Batten and other
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Primary reference-Hjeljord 1971.Com
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Closely related types-Sedge-birch t
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Figure 64-We1 sedge meadow tundraof
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Closely related types-Wet sedge mea
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Figure €.&Subarcticlowland sedge
Page 189 and 190:
Closely related types-Halophytic gr
Page 191 and 192:
Koppen 1977; del Moral and Watson 1
Page 193 and 194:
Closely related types-These communi
Page 195 and 196:
The sites themselves are covered wi
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 70-A mesic forb herbaceous c
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Closely related types-These communi
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Closely related types-Herb wet mead
Page 203 and 204:
Closely related types-Halophytic he
Page 205 and 206:
III.C.1.6. Dly BryophyteFigure ? L
Page 207 and 208:
lll.C.2.b. Foliose and Fruticose Li
Page 209 and 210:
lll.D.I.b. Common MarestailFigure 7
Page 211 and 212:
Photographs-Figure 79, this publica
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Communlties-Su~ularia aquafica-Call
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Figure 80(len)-A marine aquatic eel
Page 217 and 218:
ReferencesWhile preparing the Alask
Page 219 and 220:
Anderson, J.H. 1972. Phytocenology
Page 221 and 222:
Brock, Steven; Burke, Ingrid. 1980.
Page 223 and 224:
Crow, John Huber. 1968. Plant ecolo
Page 225 and 226:
Fries, Janet A. 1977. The vascular
Page 227 and 228:
Holowaychuk, N.; Smeck, Neil E. 197
Page 229 and 230:
Kessler, Wlnlfred B. 1979. Bird pop
Page 231 and 232:
Martin, Jon R.; Brady, Ward W.; Dow
Page 233 and 234:
Neiland, Bonita J. 1971b. Survey of
Page 235 and 236:
Raclne, Charles H.; Anderson, J.H.
Page 237 and 238:
Selkregg, Lidla L. 1975a. Alaska re
Page 239 and 240:
Stevens, M.E. 1965. Relation of veg
Page 241 and 242:
Van Cleve, K.; Viereck, L.A. 1981.
Page 243 and 244:
Walker, D.A.; Lederer, N.P. 1983. V
Page 245 and 246:
Wiggins, Ira L. 1951. The distribut
Page 247 and 248:
Table %Listof scientific and common
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Table &--List of scientific and com
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Table 3-Lis.t of scientific and com
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Table >Listof scientific and common
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Table %Listof scientific and common
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~~~ ~Table %Listof Scientific and c
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Assoclatlon, plant-A stand or group
Page 261 and 262:
Bryold-(1) A moss, liverwort, or ho
Page 263 and 264:
Ctyaquepts-Gray or olive soils with
Page 265 and 266:
Edaphic-(adj.) Pertaining to the so
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Foliage cover-See cover.Foot slope-
Page 269 and 270:
Herbaceous4n the Alaska vegetation
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Marsh-(1) A periodically wet or con
Page 273 and 274:
Old-growth stand-Not synonymous wit
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Pioneer-Plant capable of invading b
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Sere-A sequence of plant communitie
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Submerged aquatic plant-Plant adapt
Page 281 and 282:
~ y p + kind ~ of vegetation; for e
Page 283 and 284:
Viereck, L.A.; Dymess, C.T.; Batten
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