The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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other youth.The youth work Supervisor and Project team members were also reluctant to formallymediate conflicts between gangs through gang leaders, since this usually meant recognition ofthe ability, power and legitimacy of particular gang leaders to broker or “negotiate” a peace.This process could entrench gang leadership and contribute to gang cohesion. Care had to betaken not to legitimize the gang. The view of Project staff, including youth workers, was thatgangs were illegitimate structures and the gang life was destructive and unrewarding, and youthhad to be constrained on an individual basis as soon as possible to leave it. Nevertheless, thelevel of violence was so pervasive and extreme in Little Village, that occasionally almost anymeans was sought to prevent or neutralize frequent and deadly confrontations between gangs.The interposition of police, group recreational distractions and use of conditions of “war fatigue”often lead to temporary peace or lulls in gang conflict. Project workers could not resolve all ofthe many precipitating, daily unpredictable factors contributing to battles between the two gangs(Short, Strodtbeck 1965).Nevertheless, the tasks and requirements of preventing youth from getting into gangswere more difficult and complex in terms of personal and institutional change than getting youthout of gangs or gang-violent situations. The Project was not established to address the problemof preventing younger youth from joining gangs or participating in gang activity, although youthworkers often counseled younger siblings of target youth to stay out of gangs. Sometimes oldertarget youth aided in this process. Youth workers were called on by elementary schoolprincipals and churches to talk to youth about the perils of gang life. It is doubtful that suchefforts were effective.5.22
The youth worker and other Project workers were primarily concerned with reducing thelevel of gang conflict among those youth already gang involved. The efforts of the outreachyouth worker were mainly ameliorative, facilitating social growth and maturation, andprevention of gang conflict in specific situations. The youth worker had to depend on his ownpresence of mind and available resources at this particular moment.Larry (the youth worker) happened to be present and helped to persuade the Darkside notto jump in on the side of the Karlovs and the Chi-town branch to fight against theKomensky (all branches of the Two Six). Larry was almost hit by a Darkside memberwith whom he had a questionable relationship. Luckily the police came to the scene andthe youths were dispersed. No major injuries were reported.On Tuesday early evening, the Two Six Cal branch and the 28 th Street branch of the LatinKings got into a fight at the Boys Club, regarded as neutral turf. Frank, the youthworker, was at the club with the Latin Kings. He was able to separate the warring groupsand calmed the situation, mainly because he knew the leader of the King branch, whorespected him.The youth worker could be an important mediator between the youth who wanted toleave the gang and the gang itself. At times he could persuade gang leadership to permit theyouth to be released from gang membership. Often the gang member, if he had served his timeand been a “good soldier,” could leave the gang with impunity. He could walk away undercertain conditions: if he obtained a full time job, if he were involved in college studies, if hiswife or his girlfriend was pregnant, if his brother or uncle had been a senior member or leader ofthe gang faction. The worker could sometimes persuade leadership of the gang to agree toarrange for only the mildest punishment for the youth who wanted out of the gang. On oneoccasion, a gang youth requested the youth worker to get the Project probation officer to say thathe had been ordered by the court to stay at home in the evenings. The youth was not onprobation, but the fiction was agreeable to the Project probation officer and accepted by the gang5.23
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Page 86 and 87: payment to Center staff for mainten
Page 88 and 89: Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
Page 90 and 91: survey. The request was possibly re
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Page 94 and 95: ideologies as they interacted and w
Page 96 and 97: their probation officers at probati
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Page 100 and 101: This statement puzzled the rest of
Page 102 and 103: the development of the Project were
Page 104 and 105: from outside the community who inva
Page 106 and 107: not all activities or operations of
Page 108 and 109: Interrelated activity by Project pe
Page 110 and 111: with the same youth, then disagreed
Page 112 and 113: the father, in a federal penitentia
Page 114 and 115: gangs were to be provided outreach
Page 116 and 117: target youth to disassociate themse
Page 118 and 119: where the youth and gangs to which
Page 120 and 121: educational background or ability t
Page 122 and 123: areas. They were able to inconspicu
Page 124 and 125: out across racial or ethnic groups
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Page 128 and 129: school to gain readmission to a reg
Page 130 and 131: would have to travel through enemy
Page 132 and 133: e more successful in the process of
Page 136 and 137: members, permitting the youth to st
Page 138 and 139: problems arose that affected the ne
Page 140 and 141: attles, or to take care of gang mem
Page 142 and 143: Project, wrote in one of his record
Page 144 and 145: officers of the violent crime unit
Page 146 and 147: Rolando, a former leader of a facti
Page 148 and 149: 1. not give undue publicity to part
Page 150 and 151: double homicide. Manuel had grown u
Page 152 and 153: These expectations were not always
Page 154 and 155: not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
Page 156 and 157: former gang members, in a team arra
Page 158 and 159: the tactical officers. The adult pr
Page 160 and 161: field operations were expected to s
Page 162 and 163: expected to help probation respond
Page 164 and 165: Chicago Police Department. A key pr
Page 166 and 167: the CPD as the senior partner) in t
Page 168 and 169: past and present history of all Pro
Page 170 and 171: gangs as part of their police tacti
Page 172 and 173: say we’re just talking to these g
Page 174 and 175: R.C.We call the detectives to see i
Page 176 and 177: I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
Page 178 and 179: G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
Page 180 and 181: indirectly at first where to go. It
Page 182 and 183: “a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
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Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
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Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
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Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
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Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
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Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
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7) breaking into a car and stealing
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Similar sharp declines in frequenci
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also in our analysis using official
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offense and arrest categories betwe
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(-48.3%). The least decline was for
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a crime in the community. All of th
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suppression effect, particularly at
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present at Time III. There are no s
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violence arrests and serious violen
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with offending behavior. In the res
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0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
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Finally, we began to test the utili
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employment status (1= currently emp
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includes six variables: one control
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significance are: youth over 19 yea
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Our best model for predicting chang
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All of these reductions were highly
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it in the future; and the higher th
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The above models suggest that a var
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Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
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Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
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decreased or remained the same betw
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the types and scope of arrests, and
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Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
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p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
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violence at Time I increases its ar
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Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
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The drug-change model was construct
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Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
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Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
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Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
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Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
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11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
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11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
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Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
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11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
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Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
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12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
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Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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markets, resulting in high levels o
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individual gang youth in our Little
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“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
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type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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and a greater increase or “specia
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these youth were represented in the
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number of offenses at Time I, but a
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Total Arrests. In the model with th
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The 19-and-over program sample also
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We find similar and proportionate d
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Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
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Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
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13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
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Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
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13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
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Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
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of the specific types of services p
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The success rate was relatively hig
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in respect to the outcome or depend
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(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
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violent behavior, was associated wi
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drug arrests, in a model together w
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SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
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than do non-services contacts. The
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per youth, and the perceptions by t
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educing violence arrests, and viole
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assume, because of small size, that
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program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
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patterns, in particular types or co
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Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
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Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
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Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
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Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
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Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
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Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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and aggravated assaults with a hand
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Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
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It is also important to note that l
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target gangs during the last two ye
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than the average percentage increas
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number of offenders in the District
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involved in drug arrests. Again, a
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accounted for only a small increase
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Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
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Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
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Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
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Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
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crime is best sustained during both
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
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Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
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SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
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Village the serious gang violence r
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cultural, and health institutions s
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II. While every attempt was made to
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worse had dropped by almost half be
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few respondents in either community
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Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
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(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
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territory), there was no longer a s
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increase in Little Village can be a
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Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
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can be associated with the GVRP (pa
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Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
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and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
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educe the presence of gangs in the
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followed by improved schools, incre
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particular, were less afraid in the
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Table 16.1Community Characteristics
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Table 16.3Problems in the Community
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Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
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Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
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Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
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he quickly assumed coordination and
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• Communication: Perhaps more imp
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to your proposal.”In a November 1
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foundations, and other sources. The
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knowledge or permission of the Coor
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although we expect to expand many e
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Project staff were notified of prog
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police, probation and youth workers
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ideological terms between 1992 and
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esponsibility of Project operations
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• Program features: The program h
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In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
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program might look like.We have ben
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arrangement was delayed and interru
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CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
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18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
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Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
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Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
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Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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