The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Community Has Changed For the Better/WorseCommunity% Believe Communityis Better at Time I% Believe Communityis Better at Time II% Believe Communityis Worse at Time I% Believe Communityis Worse at Time IILittle Village 33.9%(56)38.5%(52)42.9% ###(56)19.2%(52)Pilsen 27.6% ##(58)55.4%(56)32.8%(58)12.5%(56)Total 30.7%(114)47.2%(108)37.7%(114)15.7%(108)For differences between time periods within communities: ## p. # 0.01 ### p. # 0.00116.46
Table 16.14Problems Perceived in the Community – Organization Respondentspercent and (n)Problems in theCommunityTime I(56)Little VillageTime II(53)Time I(58)PilsenTime II(56)Gangs 80.4% 73.6% 77.6% 75.0%Economy 17.9% 15.1% 10.3% 28.6%##Unemployment 33.9% 13.2%## 31.0% 25.0%No Organized YouthActivities16.1% 20.8% 6.9% 3.6%Lack of Moral Values 5.4% 3.8% 5.2% 1.8%Housing 10.7% 13.2% 22.4% 12.5%Ineffective Parents 3.6% 20.8%## 5.2% 21.4%##Lack of Social Services 25.0% 15.1% 39.7% 25.0%Drugs 21.4%* 30.2% 41.4% 28.6%Alcohol 10.7% 18.9% 13.8% 16.1%Poor Education 60.7%* 26.4%### 41.4% 32.1%Crime and Safety 53.6% 37.7% 48.3% 44.6%Personal Disorganization 3.6% 0% 0% 0%CommunityDisorganization17.9% 18.9% 12.1% 17.9%Other 1.8% 1.9% 0% 3.6%For difference between communities within time periods: * p # 0.05For difference between time periods within communities: ##p # 0.01 ###p # 0.00116.47
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
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Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
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Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
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Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
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Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
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Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
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7) breaking into a car and stealing
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Similar sharp declines in frequenci
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also in our analysis using official
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offense and arrest categories betwe
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(-48.3%). The least decline was for
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a crime in the community. All of th
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suppression effect, particularly at
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present at Time III. There are no s
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violence arrests and serious violen
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with offending behavior. In the res
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0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
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Finally, we began to test the utili
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employment status (1= currently emp
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includes six variables: one control
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significance are: youth over 19 yea
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Our best model for predicting chang
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All of these reductions were highly
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it in the future; and the higher th
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The above models suggest that a var
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Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
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Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
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decreased or remained the same betw
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the types and scope of arrests, and
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Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
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p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
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violence at Time I increases its ar
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Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
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The drug-change model was construct
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Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
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Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
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Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
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Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
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11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
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11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
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Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
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11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
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Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
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12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
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Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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markets, resulting in high levels o
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individual gang youth in our Little
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“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
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type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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and a greater increase or “specia
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these youth were represented in the
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number of offenses at Time I, but a
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Total Arrests. In the model with th
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The 19-and-over program sample also
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We find similar and proportionate d
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Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
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Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
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13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
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Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
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13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
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Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
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of the specific types of services p
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The success rate was relatively hig
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in respect to the outcome or depend
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(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
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violent behavior, was associated wi
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drug arrests, in a model together w
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SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
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than do non-services contacts. The
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per youth, and the perceptions by t
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educing violence arrests, and viole
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assume, because of small size, that
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program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
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patterns, in particular types or co
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Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
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Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
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Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
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Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
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Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
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Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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and aggravated assaults with a hand
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Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
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It is also important to note that l
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target gangs during the last two ye
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than the average percentage increas
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number of offenders in the District
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involved in drug arrests. Again, a
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accounted for only a small increase
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Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
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Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
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Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
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Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
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crime is best sustained during both
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
Page 588 and 589: Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
Page 590 and 591: SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
Page 592 and 593: Village the serious gang violence r
Page 594 and 595: cultural, and health institutions s
Page 596 and 597: II. While every attempt was made to
Page 598 and 599: worse had dropped by almost half be
Page 600 and 601: few respondents in either community
Page 602 and 603: Pilsen). These declines between tim
Page 604 and 605: I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
Page 606 and 607: (Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
Page 608 and 609: territory), there was no longer a s
Page 610 and 611: increase in Little Village can be a
Page 612 and 613: Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
Page 614 and 615: can be associated with the GVRP (pa
Page 616 and 617: Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
Page 618 and 619: and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
Page 620 and 621: educe the presence of gangs in the
Page 622 and 623: followed by improved schools, incre
Page 624 and 625: particular, were less afraid in the
Page 626 and 627: Table 16.1Community Characteristics
Page 628 and 629: Table 16.3Problems in the Community
Page 630 and 631: Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
Page 632 and 633: Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
Page 634 and 635: Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 636 and 637: Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
Page 640 and 641: Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 642 and 643: Table 16.17What Probation Officers
Page 644 and 645: he quickly assumed coordination and
Page 646 and 647: • Communication: Perhaps more imp
Page 648 and 649: to your proposal.”In a November 1
Page 650 and 651: foundations, and other sources. The
Page 652 and 653: knowledge or permission of the Coor
Page 654 and 655: although we expect to expand many e
Page 656 and 657: Project staff were notified of prog
Page 658 and 659: police, probation and youth workers
Page 660 and 661: ideological terms between 1992 and
Page 662 and 663: esponsibility of Project operations
Page 664 and 665: • Program features: The program h
Page 666 and 667: In a November 1996 monthly report,
Page 668 and 669: activities with adult probation. Th
Page 670 and 671: conflict with each other. MLG and t
Page 672 and 673: program might look like.We have ben
Page 674 and 675: arrangement was delayed and interru
Page 676 and 677: CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
Page 678 and 679: 18.18
Page 680 and 681: Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
Page 682 and 683: Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
Page 684 and 685: Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
Page 686: Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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