The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Comparable Police Districts and BeatsThe Little Village community, the target area, includes six beats of Chicago PoliceDepartment District 10 (Beats 1013, 1024, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034), which were the majorserious violent gang-incident locations, and hangouts of the two key gangs. Prior to the start ofthe program, we also identified comparable beats in six other police Districts where Latino gangviolence was very high: District 8 (Beats 822, 823, 824, 825, 831, 832), District 9 (Beats 914,915, 921, 922, 931, 932, 933, 934), District 12 (Beats 1222, 1223, 1233), District 13 (Beats1311, 1312, 1313, 1322, 1323, 1324), District 14 (1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1421, 1422, 1423,1424, 1431, 1434), and District 25 (all beats). Two of the districts were contiguous to LittleVillage and Pilsen. These districts included three selected beats in District 12, located in theadjacent community of Pilsen, which is the most comparable to Little Village (based ondemographic and socioeconomic factors as well as traditions of gang activity); and eight selectedbeats in District 9, a community contiguous to Little Village and Pilsen, which includes anincreasing Latino population and a decreasing African-American, low-income, public housingpopulation.All the beat clusters had particularly high levels of gang violence between 1990-1992,and contained mainly an Hispanic population. All of the beats were contiguous in each of theseven districts. Socioeconomically, none of these communities were among the poorest in thecity, based on 1990 Census data. Each was an area of concentration of first- and secondgenerationHispanics, although the proportion of different Hispanic and/or Latino ethnic groups(i.e., Mexican, Mexican-American, and Puerto Rican), varied in the seven districts. However,the ethnic composition of the population in Little Village and Pilsen was almost identical,15.3
comprising mainly Mexicans and Mexican-Americans. It is important to note that over thecourse of the program period Pilsen was undergoing some gentrification.The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA) provided aggregate incidentdata on gang crimes for both the program and comparison areas. ICJIA’s Early WarningSystem/Geo-archive data set is one of the most reliable and comprehensive data sets on gangactivity in the country. It is based on information from case and supplemental reports of theChicago Police Department and contains information both at the incident and offender level. Theincident data includes all gang offenses verified by the Chicago Police Department, and providesthe most complete and accurate picture available of the total amount of gang crime beingcommitted in the city. The incident-level data includes information on the type of offensecommitted, date, time and location of the incident, and the number of victims and offendersinvolved along with their corresponding gang affiliations. Offender-level data providesdemographic information on those individuals involved in the reported gang incident. However,offender-level data may not be entirely complete, since all offenders involved in a particularincident are not always identified or arrested. Nevertheless, useful information concerning theage, race, and gender of the involved offenders is available, and, when used in conjunction withincident-level data, provides a measure of considerable and important detail. 1A key criterion for measuring Project impact at the aggregate level was serious gangmotivatedviolence. An index was constructed by combining reports of incidents of the mostserious violent gang offenses: homicides, aggravated batteries with a handgun or other firearm,1Data for all non-lethal violent incidents for one month, December of 1994, are missing across all Districts. Also, insome instances, there were offender data but no incident data. In these cases, since it was not clear why thesediscrepancies occurred, we included only offender data for which we also had incident data.15.4
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
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Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
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Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
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Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
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Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
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Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
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7) breaking into a car and stealing
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Similar sharp declines in frequenci
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also in our analysis using official
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offense and arrest categories betwe
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(-48.3%). The least decline was for
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a crime in the community. All of th
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suppression effect, particularly at
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present at Time III. There are no s
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violence arrests and serious violen
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with offending behavior. In the res
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0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
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Finally, we began to test the utili
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employment status (1= currently emp
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includes six variables: one control
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significance are: youth over 19 yea
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Our best model for predicting chang
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All of these reductions were highly
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it in the future; and the higher th
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The above models suggest that a var
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Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
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Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
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decreased or remained the same betw
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the types and scope of arrests, and
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Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
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p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
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violence at Time I increases its ar
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Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
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The drug-change model was construct
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Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
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Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
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Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
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Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
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11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
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11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
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Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
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11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
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Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
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12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
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Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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markets, resulting in high levels o
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individual gang youth in our Little
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“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
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type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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and a greater increase or “specia
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these youth were represented in the
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number of offenses at Time I, but a
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Total Arrests. In the model with th
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The 19-and-over program sample also
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We find similar and proportionate d
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Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
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Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
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13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
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Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
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13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
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Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
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of the specific types of services p
Page 478 and 479: The success rate was relatively hig
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Page 488 and 489: SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
Page 490 and 491: than do non-services contacts. The
Page 492 and 493: per youth, and the perceptions by t
Page 494 and 495: educing violence arrests, and viole
Page 496 and 497: assume, because of small size, that
Page 498 and 499: program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
Page 500 and 501: patterns, in particular types or co
Page 502 and 503: Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
Page 512 and 513: Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
Page 520 and 521: Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
Page 522 and 523: Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
Page 524 and 525: Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
Page 526 and 527: Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Page 532 and 533: Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
Page 534 and 535: It is also important to note that l
Page 536 and 537: target gangs during the last two ye
Page 538 and 539: than the average percentage increas
Page 540 and 541: number of offenders in the District
Page 542 and 543: involved in drug arrests. Again, a
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Page 546 and 547: Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
Page 548 and 549: Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
Page 550 and 551: Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
Page 552 and 553: Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 554 and 555: Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 556 and 557: Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
Page 558 and 559: Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
Page 560 and 561: Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
Page 562 and 563: Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
Page 564 and 565: Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
Page 566 and 567: Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 568 and 569: Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 570 and 571: Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
Page 572 and 573: Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
Page 574 and 575: years of its existence than in the
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
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Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
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SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
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Village the serious gang violence r
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cultural, and health institutions s
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II. While every attempt was made to
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worse had dropped by almost half be
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few respondents in either community
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Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
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(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
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territory), there was no longer a s
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increase in Little Village can be a
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Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
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can be associated with the GVRP (pa
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Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
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and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
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educe the presence of gangs in the
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followed by improved schools, incre
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particular, were less afraid in the
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Table 16.1Community Characteristics
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Table 16.3Problems in the Community
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Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
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Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
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Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
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he quickly assumed coordination and
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• Communication: Perhaps more imp
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to your proposal.”In a November 1
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foundations, and other sources. The
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knowledge or permission of the Coor
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although we expect to expand many e
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Project staff were notified of prog
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police, probation and youth workers
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ideological terms between 1992 and
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esponsibility of Project operations
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• Program features: The program h
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In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
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program might look like.We have ben
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arrangement was delayed and interru
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CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
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18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
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Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
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Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
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Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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