The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Arrests, Youth With and Without “Effective” Family Services ................ 14.43Table 14.16 – Summary of Logistic Regression: Project Effect (Success vs Failure) on ViolenceArrests, Youth With and Without “Effective” Suppression Contacts ............ 14.44Table 14.17 – Summary of Logistic Regression: Project Effect (Success vs Failure) onCombined Violence and Drug Arrests, Youth With and Without “Effective” SuppressionContacts ........................................................... 14.45Table 14.18 – Summary of Logistic Regression: Project Effect (Success vs Failure) on DrugArrests, Youth With and Without “Effective” Suppression Contacts ............ 14.46Table 14.19 – Comparison of Odds Ratios From 2 Sets of Logistic Models Using Worker-Tracking Data: Worker Contacts/Referrals and “Effective” Worker Contacts/Referrals.................................................................. 14.47Table 14.20 – Worker Contacts/Services and Effectiveness: Frequency (N) and Percent (%) ofYouth with Services/Contacts (N=184) ................................... 14.48Table 14.21 – Most Serious Sentencing Charge (Leading to Incarceration: 1997-2001) . . . 14.49Table 14.22 – Incarcerated Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Youth (N = 65) By Gangand by Age ......................................................... 14.50Table 14.23 – Arrestee Typology of Youth: Project Period (1992-1997) and Post-ProjectIncarceration Period (1997-2001) ....................................... 14.51Table 14.24 – Youth Arrestee Typology by Youth Samples (N = 65): Program and Pre-ProgramPeriod (1987-1997) vs Post-Project Incarceration Period (1997-2001) .......... 14.52Table 15.1 – Gang Incident Data, Violence Index by District ....................... 15.21Table 15.2 – Gang Incident Data, Total Homicides by District ...................... 15.22Table 15.3 – Gang Incident Data, Total Aggravated Batteries with a Handgun or Other Firearmby District ......................................................... 15.23Table 15.4 – Gang Incident Data, Total Aggravated Assaults with a Handgun or other Firearm byDistrict ............................................................ 15.24Table 15.5 – Gang Incident Data, Drug Arrests by District ......................... 15.25Table 15.6 – Gang Incident Data, Violence Index by Gang – District 10 Only .......... 15.26viii
Table 15.7 – Gang Offender Data, Violence Index by District ....................... 15.27Table 15.8 – Gang Offender Data, Violence Index by District – Latino Offenders Only . . . 15.28Table 15.9 – Gang Offender Data, Violence Index by District – Offenders Aged 17 to 24 Only................................................................. 15.29Table 15.10 – Gang Offender Data, Violence Index by District – Offenders Aged 16 and UnderOnly .............................................................. 15.30Table 15.11 – Gang Offender Data, Violence Index by District – Offenders Aged 25 and OverOnly .............................................................. 15.31Table 15.12 – Gang Offender Data, Violence Index by Gang – District 10 Only ........ 15.32Table 15.13 – Gang Offender Data, Latin King and Two Six Violence Index by AgeDistributions – District10.............................................. 15.33Table 15.14 – Gang Offender Data, Homicides by Gang – District 10 ................. 15.34Table 15.15 – Gang Offender Data, Aggravated Batteries with a Handgun or Other Firearms –District 10 ......................................................... 15.35Table 15.16 – Gang Offender Data, Aggravated Assaults with a Handgun or Other Firearm –District 10 ......................................................... 15.36Table 15.17 – Gang Offender Data, Armed Robberies – District 10 .................. 15.37Table 15.18 – Gang Offender Data, Damage to Property/Trespassing – District 10 ...... 15.38Table 15.19 – Gang Offender Data, Weapons-Related Offenses – District 10 ........... 15.39Table 15.20 – Gang Offender Data, Mob Action – District 10 ....................... 15.40Table 15.21 – Gang Offender Data, Drug Arrests – District 10 ...................... 15.41Table 15.22 – Gang Offender Data, Alcohol Arrests – District 10 .................... 15.42Table 15.23 – Gang Offender Data, Drug and Alcohol Arrests – District 10 Latin King and TwoSix Age Distributions................................................. 15.43Table 15.24 – Gang Offender Data, Female Offenders: Violence Index by District ...... 15.44Table 15.25 – Gang Offender Data, Female Offenders: All Gang-Related Offenses by Districtix
Page 3 and 4: FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
Page 5: Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
Page 10 and 11: ...................................
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
Page 14 and 15: Gang problems have radically increa
Page 16 and 17: for youth with school officials if
Page 18 and 19: various agencies sponsoring the you
Page 20 and 21: the specialized youth-gang projects
Page 22 and 23: ehavior of the youngsters residing
Page 24 and 25: work” (manpower training and job
Page 26 and 27: (separately from the efforts of TWO
Page 28 and 29: impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
Page 30 and 31: procedures that have often been an
Page 32 and 33: developed programs to address the g
Page 34 and 35: members, representing 56 agencies i
Page 36 and 37: Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
Page 38 and 39: and expulsion practices in dealing
Page 40 and 41: membership, school, job, and commun
Page 42 and 43: Assessment, planning and evaluation
Page 44 and 45: Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
Page 46 and 47: IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
Page 48 and 49: Community Advisory GroupA group of
Page 50 and 51: policies and procedures which affec
Page 52 and 53: component. The expectation was that
Page 54 and 55: social opportunities and mobilize c
Page 56 and 57: collective involvement of police, c
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
Page 62 and 63:
involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
Page 78 and 79:
tactical officers were assigned ful
Page 80 and 81:
disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
Page 84 and 85:
Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
Page 96 and 97:
their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
Page 100 and 101:
This statement puzzled the rest of
Page 102 and 103:
the development of the Project were
Page 104 and 105:
from outside the community who inva
Page 106 and 107:
not all activities or operations of
Page 108 and 109:
Interrelated activity by Project pe
Page 110 and 111:
with the same youth, then disagreed
Page 112 and 113:
the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
Page 128 and 129:
school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
Page 134 and 135:
other youth.The youth work Supervis
Page 136 and 137:
members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
Page 152 and 153:
These expectations were not always
Page 154 and 155:
not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
Page 156 and 157:
former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
Page 160 and 161:
field operations were expected to s
Page 162 and 163:
expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
Page 180 and 181:
indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
Page 184 and 185:
G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
Page 190 and 191:
G.S.As we said before, before you g
Page 192 and 193:
Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
Page 198 and 199:
do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
Page 234 and 235:
was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
Page 242 and 243:
prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
Page 258 and 259:
we excluded the twelve youth over 2
Page 260 and 261:
(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
Page 268 and 269:
Project police officers served or c
Page 270 and 271:
in contact with a youth 13 times pe
Page 272 and 273:
We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
Page 276 and 277:
involved in job-related contacts wi
Page 278 and 279:
Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
Page 282 and 283:
individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
Page 286 and 287:
Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
Page 288 and 289:
workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
Page 294 and 295:
Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
Page 296 and 297:
Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
Page 298 and 299:
Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
Page 300 and 301:
Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
Page 304 and 305:
Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
Page 306 and 307:
Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
Page 308 and 309:
7) breaking into a car and stealing
Page 310 and 311:
Similar sharp declines in frequenci
Page 312 and 313:
also in our analysis using official
Page 314 and 315:
offense and arrest categories betwe
Page 316 and 317:
(-48.3%). The least decline was for
Page 318 and 319:
a crime in the community. All of th
Page 320 and 321:
suppression effect, particularly at
Page 322 and 323:
present at Time III. There are no s
Page 324 and 325:
violence arrests and serious violen
Page 326 and 327:
with offending behavior. In the res
Page 328 and 329:
0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
Page 330 and 331:
Finally, we began to test the utili
Page 332 and 333:
employment status (1= currently emp
Page 334 and 335:
includes six variables: one control
Page 336 and 337:
significance are: youth over 19 yea
Page 338 and 339:
Our best model for predicting chang
Page 340 and 341:
All of these reductions were highly
Page 342 and 343:
it in the future; and the higher th
Page 344 and 345:
The above models suggest that a var
Page 346 and 347:
Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 348 and 349:
Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
Page 350 and 351:
Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 352 and 353:
Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
Page 354 and 355:
Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
Page 356 and 357:
Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
Page 358 and 359:
Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
Page 360 and 361:
decreased or remained the same betw
Page 362 and 363:
the types and scope of arrests, and
Page 364 and 365:
Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
Page 366 and 367:
p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
Page 368 and 369:
violence at Time I increases its ar
Page 370 and 371:
Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
Page 372 and 373:
The drug-change model was construct
Page 374 and 375:
Our analysis procedure is the same
Page 376 and 377:
types of arrests, comparing Time I
Page 378 and 379:
were at Time II, at least for relat
Page 380 and 381:
Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
Page 382 and 383:
Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
Page 384 and 385:
11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 386 and 387:
11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
Page 388 and 389:
Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
Page 390 and 391:
11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 392 and 393:
11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
Page 394 and 395:
11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
Page 396 and 397:
Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
Page 398 and 399:
11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
Page 400 and 401:
11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
Page 402 and 403:
Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
Page 404 and 405:
variables. We used the number of an
Page 406 and 407:
when the outcome variable was chang
Page 408 and 409:
delinquency patterns over the progr
Page 410 and 411:
and self-reported-offense variables
Page 412 and 413:
Again, most variables are derived f
Page 414 and 415:
(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
Page 416 and 417:
We try to identify those specific c
Page 418 and 419:
likelihood of more youth spending l
Page 420 and 421:
outcome, using police arrest data f
Page 422 and 423:
Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
Page 424 and 425:
Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 426 and 427:
Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 428 and 429:
12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
Page 430 and 431:
12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
Page 432 and 433:
Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
Page 434 and 435:
markets, resulting in high levels o
Page 436 and 437:
individual gang youth in our Little
Page 438 and 439:
“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
Page 440 and 441:
type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
Page 442 and 443:
and a greater increase or “specia
Page 444 and 445:
these youth were represented in the
Page 446 and 447:
number of offenses at Time I, but a
Page 448 and 449:
Total Arrests. In the model with th
Page 450 and 451:
The 19-and-over program sample also
Page 452 and 453:
We find similar and proportionate d
Page 454 and 455:
Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
Page 456 and 457:
Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
Page 458 and 459:
13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 460 and 461:
13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 462 and 463:
13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
Page 464 and 465:
Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
Page 466 and 467:
13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 468 and 469:
13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
Page 470 and 471:
Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
Page 472 and 473:
13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
Page 474 and 475:
Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
Page 476 and 477:
of the specific types of services p
Page 478 and 479:
The success rate was relatively hig
Page 480 and 481:
in respect to the outcome or depend
Page 482 and 483:
(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
Page 484 and 485:
violent behavior, was associated wi
Page 486 and 487:
drug arrests, in a model together w
Page 488 and 489:
SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
Page 490 and 491:
than do non-services contacts. The
Page 492 and 493:
per youth, and the perceptions by t
Page 494 and 495:
educing violence arrests, and viole
Page 496 and 497:
assume, because of small size, that
Page 498 and 499:
program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
Page 500 and 501:
patterns, in particular types or co
Page 502 and 503:
Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
Page 522 and 523:
Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
Page 524 and 525:
Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
Page 526 and 527:
Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
Page 528 and 529:
Comparable Police Districts and Bea
Page 530 and 531:
and aggravated assaults with a hand
Page 532 and 533:
Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
Page 534 and 535:
It is also important to note that l
Page 536 and 537:
target gangs during the last two ye
Page 538 and 539:
than the average percentage increas
Page 540 and 541:
number of offenders in the District
Page 542 and 543:
involved in drug arrests. Again, a
Page 544 and 545:
accounted for only a small increase
Page 546 and 547:
Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
Page 548 and 549:
Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
Page 552 and 553:
Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 554 and 555:
Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
Page 558 and 559:
Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
Page 566 and 567:
Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 568 and 569:
Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
Page 576 and 577:
crime is best sustained during both
Page 578 and 579:
Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
Page 582 and 583:
Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
Page 586 and 587:
the gang problem (i.e., number of s
Page 588 and 589:
Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
Page 590 and 591:
SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
Page 592 and 593:
Village the serious gang violence r
Page 594 and 595:
cultural, and health institutions s
Page 596 and 597:
II. While every attempt was made to
Page 598 and 599:
worse had dropped by almost half be
Page 600 and 601:
few respondents in either community
Page 602 and 603:
Pilsen). These declines between tim
Page 604 and 605:
I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
Page 606 and 607:
(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
Page 608 and 609:
territory), there was no longer a s
Page 610 and 611:
increase in Little Village can be a
Page 612 and 613:
Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
Page 614 and 615:
can be associated with the GVRP (pa
Page 616 and 617:
Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
Page 618 and 619:
and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
Page 620 and 621:
educe the presence of gangs in the
Page 622 and 623:
followed by improved schools, incre
Page 624 and 625:
particular, were less afraid in the
Page 626 and 627:
Table 16.1Community Characteristics
Page 628 and 629:
Table 16.3Problems in the Community
Page 630 and 631:
Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
Page 632 and 633:
Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
Page 634 and 635:
Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 636 and 637:
Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
Page 638 and 639:
Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
Page 640 and 641:
Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 642 and 643:
Table 16.17What Probation Officers
Page 644 and 645:
he quickly assumed coordination and
Page 646 and 647:
• Communication: Perhaps more imp
Page 648 and 649:
to your proposal.”In a November 1
Page 650 and 651:
foundations, and other sources. The
Page 652 and 653:
knowledge or permission of the Coor
Page 654 and 655:
although we expect to expand many e
Page 656 and 657:
Project staff were notified of prog
Page 658 and 659:
police, probation and youth workers
Page 660 and 661:
ideological terms between 1992 and
Page 662 and 663:
esponsibility of Project operations
Page 664 and 665:
• Program features: The program h
Page 666 and 667:
In a November 1996 monthly report,
Page 668 and 669:
activities with adult probation. Th
Page 670 and 671:
conflict with each other. MLG and t
Page 672 and 673:
program might look like.We have ben
Page 674 and 675:
arrangement was delayed and interru
Page 676 and 677:
CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
Page 678 and 679:
18.18
Page 680 and 681:
Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
Page 682 and 683:
Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
Page 684 and 685:
Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
Page 686:
Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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