The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of Change in Yearly Other ArrestsControlling for Yearly Other Arrests in the Pre-Program Period13.8(a) GLM Summary Table (R-square=0.436)***VariablesAdjusteddfAdjustedMSFPr > FProject:Comparison, Program, Quasi-ProgramSampleAge:16 & Under, 17 to 18, 19 & OverGang:Latin King, Two SixArrestee Typology:No-Violence/No-Drug, Violence/No-Drug,Drug/No-Violence, Violence and DrugPre-Program Yearly Other Arrests:None, Low, Medium, High2 0.074 0.01 0.9932 230.882 22.51*** 0.0001 0.013 0.00 0.9723 38.118 3.72* 0.0123 390.701 38.09*** 0.000Project V Age 4 24.672 2.41* 0.049Project V Arrest Typology 6 16.423 1.60 0.146Project V Pre-Program Yearly Other Arrests 6 6.886 0.67 0.673Within error 325 10.257 — —Total 352 — — —For differences between groups: * p < .05; ** p < .01; and *** p < .001 .13.8(b) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other Arrests (and Standard Error) and Pairwise t Testfor Age Main EffectAge N AdjustedMeanStd ErrPr > |T|Ho: Adjusted Mean(i)=Adjusted Mean(j)i/j 1 2 316 & Under 149 0.474 0.472 1 — 0.000*** 0.000***17 and 18 100 -2.079 0.512 2 — 0.94919 & Over 104 -2.047 0.487 3 —For differences between groups: * p < .05; ** p < .01; and *** p < .001 .13.39
13.8(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other Arrests (and Standard Error) and Pairwise t Testfor Arrestee Typology Main EffectArresteeTypologyNAdjustedMeanStd ErrPr > |T|Ho: Adjusted Mean(i)=Adjusted Mean(j)i/j 1 2 3 4No-Violence/No-DrugViolence/No-DrugDrug/No-ViolenceViolenceand Drug71 -1.998 0.565 1 — 0.837 0.112 0.002**140 -1.064 0.371 3 — 0.029*18 -1.730 1.243 2 — 0.567 0.192124 -0.078 0.339 4 —For differences between groups: * p < .05; ** p < .01; and *** p < .001 .13.8(d) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other Arrests (and Standard Error) and Pairwise t Testfor the Project Main EffectProject N AdjustedMeanStd ErrPr > |T|Ho: Adjusted Mean(i)=Adjusted Mean(j)i/j 1 2 3ProgramSampleComparisonSampleQuasi-ProgramSample136 -1.158 0.497 1 — 0.941 0.911144 -1.217 0.613 2 — 0.95773 -1.277 0.943 3 —For differences between groups: * p < .05; ** p < .01; and *** p < .001 .13.40
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
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Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
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Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
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Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
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Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
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Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
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7) breaking into a car and stealing
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Similar sharp declines in frequenci
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also in our analysis using official
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offense and arrest categories betwe
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(-48.3%). The least decline was for
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a crime in the community. All of th
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suppression effect, particularly at
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present at Time III. There are no s
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violence arrests and serious violen
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with offending behavior. In the res
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0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
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Finally, we began to test the utili
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employment status (1= currently emp
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includes six variables: one control
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significance are: youth over 19 yea
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Our best model for predicting chang
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All of these reductions were highly
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it in the future; and the higher th
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The above models suggest that a var
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Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
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Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
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decreased or remained the same betw
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the types and scope of arrests, and
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Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
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p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
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violence at Time I increases its ar
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Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
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The drug-change model was construct
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Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
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Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
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Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
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Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
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11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
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11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
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Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
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11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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Page 424 and 425: Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 426 and 427: Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 428 and 429: 12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
Page 430 and 431: 12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
Page 432 and 433: Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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Page 438 and 439: “other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
Page 440 and 441: type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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Page 444 and 445: these youth were represented in the
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Page 448 and 449: Total Arrests. In the model with th
Page 450 and 451: The 19-and-over program sample also
Page 452 and 453: We find similar and proportionate d
Page 454 and 455: Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
Page 456 and 457: Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
Page 458 and 459: 13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 460 and 461: 13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 462 and 463: 13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
Page 464 and 465: Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
Page 466 and 467: 13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 468 and 469: 13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
Page 472 and 473: 13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
Page 474 and 475: Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
Page 476 and 477: of the specific types of services p
Page 478 and 479: The success rate was relatively hig
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Page 486 and 487: drug arrests, in a model together w
Page 488 and 489: SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
Page 490 and 491: than do non-services contacts. The
Page 492 and 493: per youth, and the perceptions by t
Page 494 and 495: educing violence arrests, and viole
Page 496 and 497: assume, because of small size, that
Page 498 and 499: program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
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Page 502 and 503: Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
Page 512 and 513: Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
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Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
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Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
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Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
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Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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and aggravated assaults with a hand
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Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
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It is also important to note that l
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target gangs during the last two ye
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than the average percentage increas
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number of offenders in the District
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involved in drug arrests. Again, a
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accounted for only a small increase
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Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
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Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
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Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
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Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
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crime is best sustained during both
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
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Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
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SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
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Village the serious gang violence r
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cultural, and health institutions s
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II. While every attempt was made to
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worse had dropped by almost half be
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few respondents in either community
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Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
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(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
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territory), there was no longer a s
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increase in Little Village can be a
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Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
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can be associated with the GVRP (pa
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Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
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and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
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educe the presence of gangs in the
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followed by improved schools, incre
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particular, were less afraid in the
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Table 16.1Community Characteristics
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Table 16.3Problems in the Community
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Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
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Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
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Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
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he quickly assumed coordination and
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• Communication: Perhaps more imp
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to your proposal.”In a November 1
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foundations, and other sources. The
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knowledge or permission of the Coor
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although we expect to expand many e
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Project staff were notified of prog
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police, probation and youth workers
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ideological terms between 1992 and
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esponsibility of Project operations
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• Program features: The program h
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In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
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program might look like.We have ben
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arrangement was delayed and interru
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CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
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18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
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Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
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Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
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Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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