The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Community Advisory GroupA group of representatives of local agencies, community organizations, and residentsincluding former gang members will be formed to advise and consult with the project staff on thedevelopment of programs. Various members of the Advisory Group will be integrally involvedin specific activities of gang control, social support, and provision of social opportunities.Regular meetings will be convened to discuss project issues and activities.The University of ChicagoProject development and operations are expected to be facilitated by Professor Spergeland two graduate students. Their functions will include aiding the flow of communicationamong project team members, assisting component staff members with the implementation ofselected activities, especially as related to social intervention and neighborhood organizingaround the gang problem. The University of Chicago group will also document projectactivities, especially the process of networking and community mobilization.Professor Spergel’s duties will be the provision of advice and consultation in overallprogram development, training, and troubleshooting. It is anticipated that the activities of theUniversity of Chicago group will be phased out at the end of the first year and as the projectdevelops an effective set of field operations.Schedule of Field Activities/Performances Indicators:April-June 1992A. Organizational Developmenta. Trainingb. Development of common interagency data systemc. Information sharing proceduresd. Procedures for field operationsB. Community Problem and Resources AssessmentC. Advisory Committee DevelopmentJune 1992-March 1993D. Field Operationsa. Law enforcementb. Supervision of gang youthc. Social intervention: Crisis interventiond. Community organizinge. Development of training, remedial education, job opportunitiesf. Weekly crisis staff meetingsg. Monthly Advisory Committee meetings.A further specification of the role of The University of Chicago was submitted in March1992 as follows:The activities or performance indicators of the action-research team from the School of2.8
Social Service Administration will be: 1) Facilitation of local community organization and localagency collaboration in the implementation and further development of project goals andobjectives; 2) Conduct of a Community Assessment Survey; 3) Training of, and consultation to,project staff; 4) Data collection and analysis pertaining to critical interagency and communityevents relevant to the gang problem; and 5) Development of a set of policies and procedures tobe derived in the course of the implementation of the project.Performance Indicators1. Facilitation of local community organization and local agency cooperation withProject goals and objectives. Professor Spergel and his staff will a) assist project administratorsand staff to develop consensus on goals and objectives and appropriate implementationprocedures; b) contact all key agencies, organizations and community groups in or near thetarget area, including churches, business groups, civic and political groups (and possibly ganginfluentials) to explain the purpose and scope of the project and elicit cooperation andparticipation in implementing its goals and objectives; c) assist Project administrator and staff inthe development of contacts, relationships, and cooperative activities with local agencies andcommunity groups, e.g., graffiti expunging, parent patrols, volunteer mentoring, jobdevelopment, recreation, anti-gang training and counseling, etc.; d) assist in the development ofthe basis for a community Advisory Group to the Project; e) assist in the mediation of possibledisputes among agencies, community organizations and community groups as they affect Projectdevelopment.2. Conduct of a Community Assessment Survey. A stratified random sample (n=300) ofboth residents and businesses, agencies, and other institutions in the target and comparisonarea(s) will be conducted in May and June 1992 to assess the gang problem and local target arearesources available to deal with it, and initiate a process in the target area whereby communityrepresentatives can participate in and affect the Project’s activities. Heads or representatives ofhouseholds, businesses, and agencies will be interviewed through an hour-long surveyinstrument covering such topics as perceived nature, scope, and seriousness of the gang problemin the target area(s) and the surrounding community; direct experience by the interviewee, otherhousehold, business, or agency members, with the gang problem as victim or offender in the pastsix months; opinions about organizational and community activities that are perceived to beeffective in dealing with the problem; perceptions of what more needs to be done; communityparticipation experience addressed to the problem or other community issues; willingness andavailability to participate in various possible Project-sponsored activities; demographic andsocio-economic data of the interviewee.The survey will be administered at Time I as well as Time II, twelve months after thestart of Project field operations or first set of interviews, approximately to the same panel ofpersons in the original comparison communities.3. Training and consultation to Project Staff.A series of training and consultation sessions will be conducted for staff to: a) makeavailable recent research and program findings in the field; b) assist in the development ofconsensus on Project goals and objectives among staff, including Police, Probation, and CINand/or other types of members of the Project team; assist in the development of appropriate2.9
Page 3 and 4: FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
Page 5: Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
Page 8 and 9: Arrests, Youth With and Without “
Page 10 and 11: ...................................
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
Page 14 and 15: Gang problems have radically increa
Page 16 and 17: for youth with school officials if
Page 18 and 19: various agencies sponsoring the you
Page 20 and 21: the specialized youth-gang projects
Page 22 and 23: ehavior of the youngsters residing
Page 24 and 25: work” (manpower training and job
Page 26 and 27: (separately from the efforts of TWO
Page 28 and 29: impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
Page 30 and 31: procedures that have often been an
Page 32 and 33: developed programs to address the g
Page 34 and 35: members, representing 56 agencies i
Page 36 and 37: Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
Page 38 and 39: and expulsion practices in dealing
Page 40 and 41: membership, school, job, and commun
Page 42 and 43: Assessment, planning and evaluation
Page 44 and 45: Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
Page 46 and 47: IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
Page 50 and 51: policies and procedures which affec
Page 52 and 53: component. The expectation was that
Page 54 and 55: social opportunities and mobilize c
Page 56 and 57: collective involvement of police, c
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
Page 60 and 61: assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
Page 62 and 63: involved in the Project and believe
Page 64 and 65: pattern of communication between wo
Page 66 and 67: mainly in the late afternoon, night
Page 68 and 69: him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
Page 70 and 71: station intimidating local citizens
Page 72 and 73: Developing the Roles and Responsibi
Page 74 and 75: on individual contact with gang you
Page 76 and 77: individual youth. The completion of
Page 78 and 79: tactical officers were assigned ful
Page 80 and 81: disrespecting” the gang members.
Page 82 and 83: Probation would be contributing thr
Page 84 and 85: Department: “it appears criticall
Page 86 and 87: payment to Center staff for mainten
Page 88 and 89: Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
Page 90 and 91: survey. The request was possibly re
Page 92 and 93: Gang Member Survey served both prog
Page 94 and 95: ideologies as they interacted and w
Page 96 and 97: their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
Page 294 and 295:
Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
Page 296 and 297:
Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
Page 298 and 299:
Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
Page 300 and 301:
Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
Page 304 and 305:
Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
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Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
Page 308 and 309:
7) breaking into a car and stealing
Page 310 and 311:
Similar sharp declines in frequenci
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also in our analysis using official
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offense and arrest categories betwe
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(-48.3%). The least decline was for
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a crime in the community. All of th
Page 320 and 321:
suppression effect, particularly at
Page 322 and 323:
present at Time III. There are no s
Page 324 and 325:
violence arrests and serious violen
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with offending behavior. In the res
Page 328 and 329:
0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
Page 330 and 331:
Finally, we began to test the utili
Page 332 and 333:
employment status (1= currently emp
Page 334 and 335:
includes six variables: one control
Page 336 and 337:
significance are: youth over 19 yea
Page 338 and 339:
Our best model for predicting chang
Page 340 and 341:
All of these reductions were highly
Page 342 and 343:
it in the future; and the higher th
Page 344 and 345:
The above models suggest that a var
Page 346 and 347:
Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 348 and 349:
Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
Page 350 and 351:
Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 352 and 353:
Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
Page 354 and 355:
Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
Page 356 and 357:
Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
Page 358 and 359:
Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
Page 360 and 361:
decreased or remained the same betw
Page 362 and 363:
the types and scope of arrests, and
Page 364 and 365:
Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
Page 366 and 367:
p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
Page 368 and 369:
violence at Time I increases its ar
Page 370 and 371:
Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
Page 372 and 373:
The drug-change model was construct
Page 374 and 375:
Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
Page 378 and 379:
were at Time II, at least for relat
Page 380 and 381:
Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
Page 382 and 383:
Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 386 and 387:
11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
Page 388 and 389:
Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
Page 390 and 391:
11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 392 and 393:
11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
Page 394 and 395:
11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
Page 396 and 397:
Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
Page 398 and 399:
11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
Page 400 and 401:
11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
Page 402 and 403:
Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
Page 404 and 405:
variables. We used the number of an
Page 406 and 407:
when the outcome variable was chang
Page 408 and 409:
delinquency patterns over the progr
Page 410 and 411:
and self-reported-offense variables
Page 412 and 413:
Again, most variables are derived f
Page 414 and 415:
(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
Page 416 and 417:
We try to identify those specific c
Page 418 and 419:
likelihood of more youth spending l
Page 420 and 421:
outcome, using police arrest data f
Page 422 and 423:
Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 426 and 427:
Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
Page 430 and 431:
12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
Page 432 and 433:
Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
Page 434 and 435:
markets, resulting in high levels o
Page 436 and 437:
individual gang youth in our Little
Page 438 and 439:
“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
Page 440 and 441:
type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
Page 442 and 443:
and a greater increase or “specia
Page 444 and 445:
these youth were represented in the
Page 446 and 447:
number of offenses at Time I, but a
Page 448 and 449:
Total Arrests. In the model with th
Page 450 and 451:
The 19-and-over program sample also
Page 452 and 453:
We find similar and proportionate d
Page 454 and 455:
Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 462 and 463:
13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
Page 464 and 465:
Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
Page 466 and 467:
13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 468 and 469:
13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
Page 470 and 471:
Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
Page 472 and 473:
13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
Page 474 and 475:
Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
Page 476 and 477:
of the specific types of services p
Page 478 and 479:
The success rate was relatively hig
Page 480 and 481:
in respect to the outcome or depend
Page 482 and 483:
(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
Page 484 and 485:
violent behavior, was associated wi
Page 486 and 487:
drug arrests, in a model together w
Page 488 and 489:
SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
Page 490 and 491:
than do non-services contacts. The
Page 492 and 493:
per youth, and the perceptions by t
Page 494 and 495:
educing violence arrests, and viole
Page 496 and 497:
assume, because of small size, that
Page 498 and 499:
program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
Page 500 and 501:
patterns, in particular types or co
Page 502 and 503:
Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
Page 522 and 523:
Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
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Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
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Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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and aggravated assaults with a hand
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Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
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It is also important to note that l
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target gangs during the last two ye
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than the average percentage increas
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number of offenders in the District
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involved in drug arrests. Again, a
Page 544 and 545:
accounted for only a small increase
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Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
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Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
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Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
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Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
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crime is best sustained during both
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
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Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
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SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
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Village the serious gang violence r
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cultural, and health institutions s
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II. While every attempt was made to
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worse had dropped by almost half be
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few respondents in either community
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Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
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(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
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territory), there was no longer a s
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increase in Little Village can be a
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Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
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can be associated with the GVRP (pa
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Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
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and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
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educe the presence of gangs in the
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followed by improved schools, incre
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particular, were less afraid in the
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Table 16.1Community Characteristics
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Table 16.3Problems in the Community
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Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
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Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
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Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
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he quickly assumed coordination and
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• Communication: Perhaps more imp
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to your proposal.”In a November 1
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foundations, and other sources. The
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knowledge or permission of the Coor
Page 654 and 655:
although we expect to expand many e
Page 656 and 657:
Project staff were notified of prog
Page 658 and 659:
police, probation and youth workers
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ideological terms between 1992 and
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esponsibility of Project operations
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• Program features: The program h
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In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
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program might look like.We have ben
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arrangement was delayed and interru
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CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
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18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
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Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
Page 684 and 685:
Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
Page 686:
Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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